2022 NDHS

Question 1

Marital status: What percentage of women age 15–49 are currently
in union;

Answer 1

55%

Question 2

What percentage are formally married and are live-in with their partners as if married?

Answer 2

36% are formally married and 19% are living
together with their partner as if married

Question 3

Registered marriage: What percentage ____ of women age 15–49 who
are formally married have their marriage registered with a
civil registrar.

Answer 3

96%

Question 4

Age at first marriage: The median age at first marriage
among women age 25–49 is _____ years.

Answer 4

22.8

Question 5

Age at first sexual intercourse: The median age at first
sexual intercourse among women age 25–49 is ______
years. Thus, on average, women have sexual intercourse
about 2.1 years before marriage.

Answer 5

20.7

Question 6

Recent sexual activity: _____ of women age 15–49 had
sexual intercourse within the 4 weeks preceding the
survey.

Answer 6

43%

Question 7

Spousal separation: ___ of currently married women
age 15–49 have ever lived separately from their husband
or partner. Among these women, 39% lived separately
from their husband or partner for 1–11 months during the
last 2 years.

Answer 7

18%

Question 8

Currently in union
Women. (In this report, the terms currently in union
and currently married are used interchangeably except where noted.)

Answer 8

who report being married or living together with a partner as though
married at the time of the survey.

Question 9

The total fertility rate (TFR) is _________
children per woman.

Answer 9

1.9

Question 10

Registered marriage

Answer 10

A woman whose marriage is registered with the civil authorities regardless of
whether or not she has a marriage certificate.

Question 11

Total fertility rate

Answer 11

The average number of children a woman would have by the end of her
childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-specific fertility rates.

Question 12

Age at menarche: The mean age at first menstruation
among women age 15–49 is ____ years.

Answer 12

13.0

Question 13

Age at first birth: The median age at first birth among
women age 25–49 is ____ years

Answer 13

23.6

Question 14

Birth intervals: The median birth interval is 46.5 months.
Nearly one in five births (18%) occurred less than 24
months after the preceding birth.

Question 15

Postpartum amenorrhea

Answer 15

The period of time after the end of a pregnancy and before the resumption of
menstruation.

Question 16

Postpartum abstinence

Answer 16

The period of time after the end of a pregnancy and before the resumption of
sexual intercourse.

Question 17

Postpartum insusceptibility

Answer 17

The period of time during which a woman is considered not at risk of
pregnancy because she is postpartum amenorrheic and/or abstaining from
sexual intercourse postpartum.

Question 18

Menopause
Women are considered to have reached menopause if

Answer 18

Women are neither
pregnant nor postpartum amenorrheic and have not had a menstrual period in
the 6 months before the survey, if they report being menopausal or having had
a hysterectomy, or if they have never menstruated.

Question 19

Pregnancy outcomes: Nearly 9 in 10 pregnancies
(88%) ending in the 3 years preceding the survey
resulted in live births, 11% were miscarriages, 1% were
stillbirths, and 1% were terminated through induced
abortions.

Question 20

Pregnancy outcomes
Live birth:

Answer 20

a child who was born alive, even if for a very short time

Question 21

Stillbirth:

Answer 21

a child who was born dead (no signs of life) following a
pregnancy that lasted 7 months (28 weeks) or longer

Question 22

Miscarriage:

Answer 22

a pregnancy that ended involuntarily before completing
7 months (28 weeks)

Question 23

Induced abortion:

Answer 23

a pregnancy that was voluntarily ended

Question 24

Desire for another child: Among currently married
women, 14% want to have another child within 2 years
and 17% want to wait at least 2 years. Less than 1% of
women want another child but are undecided on the
timing, and 8% are undecided about having more
children.

Question 25

Desire to limit childbearing: ________ of currently married
women want no more children.

Answer 25

58%

Question 26

Ideal family size: Overall, women want 2.7 children on
average; currently married women want 3.0 children on
average.

Question 27

Fertility planning status: 71% of births were planned at
the time of conception, while 16% were mistimed and
13% were not wanted at all.

Question 28

Wanted fertility rates: The total wanted fertility rate is
1.5 children, while the actual total fertility rate is 1.9
children; thus, on average, women are having 0.4 more
children than they want.

Question 29

▪ Couples’ consensus on family size: 74% of currently
married women report that they are in consensus with
their husband on the number of children they would like
to have.

Question 30

Unwanted birth

Answer 30

Any birth in excess of the number of children a woman reported as
her ideal number.

Question 31

Wanted birth

Answer 31

Any birth less than or equal to the number of children a woman
reported as her ideal number.

Question 32

Wanted fertility rate

Answer 32

The average number of children a woman would have by the end of

her childbearing years if she bore children at the current age-
specific fertility rates, excluding unwanted births.

Question 33

Contraceptive use: More than half (58%) of currently
married women are using a method of contraception,
with 42% using a modern method and 17% using a
traditional method. The pill (20%) is the most commonly
used method, followed by withdrawal (13%) and female
sterilization (9%).
▪ Source of modern contraceptive methods: Half (50%)
of modern contraceptive method users obtain their
method from the public sector.
▪ Informed choice: 71% of women currently using modern
methods of contraception were informed about the
potential side effects of the method they were using,
while 70% were informed about what to do if they
experienced side effects. Seventy-three percent of
women were informed about alternative contraceptive
methods.
▪ Unmet need for family planning: 8% of all women,
12% of currently married women, and 42% of sexually
active unmarried women have an unmet need for family
planning.
▪ Demand for family planning: The total demand for
family planning among currently married women is 71%.
Only 58% of this demand is satisfied by modern
methods.
▪ Contact of nonusers with family planning providers:
87% of women who are not using contraceptives did not
discuss family planning either with a fieldworker or at a
health facility in the 12 months preceding the survey.

Question 34

Modern methods
Include male and female sterilization, intrauterine devices (IUDs), injectables,
implants, contraceptive pills, male and female condoms, emergency
contraception, the standard days method, mucus/Billings/ovulation, basal body
temperature, symptothermal, and the lactational amenorrhea method.

Question 36

Childhood mortality rates: During the 5 years
immediately preceding the survey, the neonatal mortality
rate was 15 deaths per 1,000 live births, the infant
mortality rate was 22 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the
under-5 mortality rate was 26 deaths per 1,000 live births.
▪ Trends in infant and child mortality: Under-5 mortality
rate decreased between 1993 (54 deaths per 1,000 live
births) and 2022 (26 deaths per 1,000 live births). Infant
mortality rate remained relatively unchanged from 2017
(21 deaths per 1,000 live births) to 2022 (22 deaths per
1,000 live births). Neonatal mortality increased slightly
between 2013 (13 deaths per 1,000 live births) and 2022
(15 deaths per 1,000 live births).
▪ Perinatal mortality: The perinatal mortality rate is 23
deaths per 1,000 pregnancies of 28 weeks’ or more
duration. Among mothers age 20–49, the perinatal
mortality rate increases as age at birth increases.
▪ High-risk fertility behavior: 66% of currently married
women age 15–49 would have been in an avoidable
high-risk category if they had conceived at the time of the
survey; 36% would have been in a single high-risk

category, and 30% would have been in a multiple high-
risk category.

Question 37

Neonatal mortality:

Answer 37

The probability of dying within the first month of life.

Question 38

Postneonatal mortality:

Answer 38

The probability of dying between the first month of
life and the first birthday (computed as the difference between infant and
neonatal mortality).

Question 39

Infant mortality:

Answer 39

The probability of dying between birth and the first birthday.

Question 40

Child mortality:

Answer 40

The probability of dying between the first and the fifth birthday

Question 41

Under-5 mortality:

Answer 41

The probability of dying between birth and the fifth
birthday.

Question 42

Protection against neonatal tetanus
The number of tetanus toxoid injections needed to protect a baby from
neonatal tetanus depends on the mother’s vaccinations. A birth is protected
against neonatal tetanus if the mother has received any of the following:
▪ Two tetanus toxoid injections during the pregnancy
▪ Two or more injections, the last one within 3 years of the birth
▪ Three or more injections, the last one within 5 years of the birth
▪ Four or more injections, the last one within 10 years of the birth
▪ Five or more injections at any time prior to the birth

Question 43

Antenatal care: 86% of women age 15–49 with a live
birth and/or a stillbirth in the 2 years preceding the survey
received antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider
(doctor, nurse, or midwife) for their most recent birth.
Eighty-three percent of women had four or more ANC
visits, and 67% had their first ANC visit during the first
trimester.
▪ Health care facility deliveries: 89% of live births and
stillbirths in the 2 years preceding the survey were
delivered in a health facility, while 11% were delivered at
home. The most common reason women did not deliver
in a health facility was fear of going out due to the
COVID-19 pandemic (32%).
▪ Cesarean delivery: One in five (20%) live births in the 2
years preceding the survey were delivered via cesarean
section. Cesarean deliveries are more common in private
facilities (30%) than public facilities (17%).
▪ Skilled assistance during delivery: 90% of live births in
the 2 years preceding the survey were delivered by a
skilled provider.
▪ Postnatal care: 75% of women with a live birth in the 2
years preceding the survey had a postnatal check during
the first 2 days after their most recent live birth. Similarly,
80% of newborns had a postnatal check during the first 2
days after birth.
▪ Breast and cervical cancer examinations: One in 10
women age 15–49 were ever examined for breast cancer
by a doctor or health care worker, and 9% were ever
tested for cervical cancer.
▪ Problems in accessing health care: The most
commonly reported problem in accessing health care
among women age 15–49 was getting money for
treatment (42%).
▪ Distance from health care: 86% of women age 15–49
reported that their travel time to the nearest health facility
is less than 30 minutes.

Question 44

Antenatal care (ANC) from a

Answer 44

skilled provider
Pregnancy care received from skilled providers, such as doctors, nurses, and
midwives.

Question 50

Institutional deliveries

Answer 50

Deliveries that occur in a health facility.

Question 51

Skilled assistance during delivery

Answer 51

Births delivered with the assistance of doctors, nurse, or midwives.

Question 52

▪ Birth weight: Among infants born in the last 2 years who
had a reported birth weight, 15% had a low birth weight
(less than 2.5 kg).
▪ Vaccinations: By the time of the survey, 72% of children
age 12–23 months were fully vaccinated against all basic
antigens and 59% were fully vaccinated according to the
national schedule.
▪ Symptoms of acute respiratory infection: Advice or
treatment was sought for 72% of children under age 5
who had symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in
the 2 weeks before the survey.
▪ Fever: Advice or treatment was sought for 41% of
children under age 5 who had a fever in the 2 weeks
before the survey.
▪ Diarrhea: Advice or treatment was sought for 37% of
children under age 5 who had diarrhea in the 2 weeks
before the survey. Sixty-one percent of children with
diarrhea received oral rehydration therapy (ORT), while
22% received no treatment.
▪ Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI2030):
According to the ECDI2030, 77% of children age 24–59
months are on track in terms of health, learning, and
psychosocial well-being.

Question 53

Low birth weight

Answer 53

Percentage of births with a reported birth weight below 2.5 kilograms
regardless of gestational age.

Question 54

Fully vaccinated: basic antigens
Percentage of children who received specific vaccines at any time before the
survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report). To have
received all basic antigens, a child must receive at least:
▪ One dose of BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis
▪ Three doses of polio vaccine given as oral polio vaccine (OPV),
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), or a combination of OPV and IPV
▪ Three doses of DPT-containing vaccine, which protects against diphtheria,
pertussis (whooping cough), and tetanus
▪ One dose of measles-containing vaccine given as measles, mumps, and
rubella (MMR)

Question 55

Fully vaccinated according to national schedule: age 12–23 months
Percentage of children who received specific vaccines at any time before the
survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report). To be fully
vaccinated according to the national schedule, a child must receive the
following:
▪ One dose of BCG vaccine
▪ Hepatitis B vaccine (birth dose)
▪ Three doses of OPV and one dose of IPV or three doses of IPV
▪ Three doses of DPT-HepB-Hib
▪ Three doses of PCV
▪ One dose of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)
Sample: Children age 12–23 months
Fully vaccinated according to national schedule: age 24–35 months
Percentage of children who received specific vaccines at any time before the
survey (according to a vaccination card or the mother’s report). To be fully
vaccinated according to the national schedule, a child must receive all of the
vaccinations listed above along with the following:
▪ A second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR)

Question 56

Oral rehydration therapy
Children with diarrhea are given increased fluids, a fluid made from a special
packet of oral rehydration salts (ORS), or government-recommended
homemade fluids (RHF).

Question 57

Weight, height, and mid-upper-arm circumference
(MUAC) measured in the last 3 months: Three-fourths
(74%) of children under age 5 had their weight and
height measured by a health care provider, and more
than half (57%) had MUAC measurements taken.
▪ Breastfeeding: Over half (54%) of children born in the
last 2 years were put to the breast within 1 hour of birth,
and 41% of children under age 6 months are exclusively
breastfed.
▪ Complementary feeding: 70% of children age 6–23
months receive meals at the minimum frequency, 47%
receive the minimum number of food groups, and 35%
are fed a minimum acceptable diet.
▪ Unhealthy feeding practices: 35% of children age 6–23
months were given a sweet beverage, 46% were fed
unhealthy food, and 27% consumed no vegetables or
fruits during the previous day.
▪ Coverage of micronutrient supplementation in
children: 73% of children age 6–59 months were given
iron-containing supplements in the last 12 months and
79% were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6
months.
▪ Women’s dietary practices: 71% of women consume
meals with a minimum dietary diversity, 84% consume
sweet beverages, and 69% consume unhealthy foods.