2018 Flashcards
What type of inflammation often resulted in 18F-FDG uptake in a group of dogs with FUO?
pyogranulomatous
(pyogranulomatous retroperitoneal panniculitis, pyogranulomatous inflammation at site of prevous splenectomy, pyogranulomatous hepatitis
What is a cause of tubular, soft-tissue opaque structure within the left abdomen on radiographs, often affecting spayed female cats?
What should it be differentiated from?
Where were shunts seen to enter systemic circulation when CT performed?
“spaghetti sign” - splenosystemic collateral circulation
one cat showed evidence of portal hypertension
should differentiate from focal loss of detail or a space occupying lesion
Left renal vein through left gonadal vein
Is 3T MRI more specific for diagnosing partial or complete cranial cruciate ligament tears?
partial
Compared to arthroscopy, for complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of MRI detection of fiber loss were 0.78, 0.50–0.60, and 0.68–0.71, respectively, and, for partial tears, specificity was 1.00
few false positives for diagnosing partial tears
high number of false positives for diagnosing complete rupture
In regards to pulmonary trunk to aorta ratio on CT….
what was the correlation between tricuspid regurg and CT pulmonary trunk to aorta ratio?
The pulmonary trunk to aorta ratio was significantly higher in which groups compared to normal dogs? Which group was not significantly different?
What ratio was recommended as a cutoff between normal and moderate to severe PHT?
Was the PT to Ao ratio reproducible?
moderate positive correlation between tricupsid regurg gradient and CT PT:Ao ratio
Mean CT PT:Ao ratio was significantly higher in dogs with moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension compared to normal dogs. There was no significant difference in PT:Ao ratio between normal dogs and dogs with PHT
PT:Ao ratio threshold of 1.4 may be useful to ID cases more likely to have moderate or severe PHT
There was good reproducibility of the ratio
How do the sensitivities and specificities of CT, 10view rads, and 2view rads compare for evaluation of canine tarsal fractures?
What were the most commonly induced fractures in this study?
talus and calcaneus most common
CT had greatest sensitivity overall but similar specificity to 10view rads
10 view rads were only minimally more sensitive than 2 view rads and both had the same specificity
In regards to elastography of benign and malignant lymph nodes, what are the relative stiffness of the two groups?
benign lymph nodes were softer
malignant lymph nodes were harder
there was some overlap, so limited clinical significance
What are the most common types of canine tonsillar neoplasia?
SCC #1, followed by melanoma and lymphoma
Were there any features of the tonsil that differentiated between neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease?
No
What are common and unique findings related to regional lymphadenopathy in canine tonsillar neoplasia?
marked enlargement, heterogeneity, and loss of hypo hilus of the MRLN were common findings in tonsillar neoplasia
MRLN and MLN lymphadenomegaly was often ipsilateral but could be contralateral
5 dogs demonstrated little or no enlargement of the tonsil despite associated metastatic lymphadenomegaly
thus should consider tonsillar neoplasia as a ddx if MRLymphadenopathy regardless of normal sized tonsils OR of any enlarged tonsil with no associated lymphadenomegaly
What are typical CT findings for dogs with crenosoma vulpis infection?
predominantly broncho-entric changes!
- diffuse bronchial wall thickening
- multifocal peribronchial ground glass attenuation
- consolidation
- cylindrical bronchiectasis
- sometimes irregular/nodular bronchial wall thickening (also seen on tracheoscopy)
- pulmonary parenchymal bands
What is a differential for an osteolytic lesion in the forelimb (radius/ulna) of a small breed dog with a history of minor trauma?
What is a potential cause?
RUIN (radioulnar ischemic necrosis)
fungal osteomyelitis
neoplasia
tearing of the interosseous ligament and ischemia
What is a gastrointestinal finding sometimes seen in dogs with leptospirosis?
intussusception
What should be considered as a differential for pulmonary nodules in a cat?
“tree in bud” pattern
What is the most common location and distribution of the feline tree in bud pattern?
How did radiographs compare to CT for detection?
right cranial and caudal lung lobes
peripheral
radiographs often underestimated affected pulmonary segments compared to CT
In regards to CT angiography of the normal feline pancreas…
what is the attenuation of the pancreas in comparison to the liver and spleen?
Which lobe has a greater mean height, length, and width?
Hypoattenuating to both the liver and spleen in the majority of cats with a homogeneous enhancement pattern noted in all 15
left lobe
Were esophageal abnormalities seen in a group of dogs with paraesophageal empyema?
What was found in surgery in 2 of the dogs?
nope
plant material
subcutaneous malignant neoplasia was more likely to be ____ on elastography compared to lipomatous subcutaneous lesions
harder
A hardness cutoff of 50.25% was identified between lesions, with malignant neoplasms having higher percentages. A 100% specificity and 89% sensitivity for correctly detecting the nature of the lesion on elastosonography was established. Qualitative assessment of the Tsukuba elasticity score established 1.5 as the cutoff between elastograms of lipomatous and malignant lesions, with 100% sensitivity and 61% specificity in differentiating them.
in a study of 555 dogs with thoracolumbar myelopathy…
What percentage of dogs needed additional imaging after CT?
What were the characteristics about the dogs which were less likely to need additional imaging?
What was correlated with an increased risk of needing additional imaging?
Dogs that did not need additional imaging were much more likely to ____?
7.6%
dachshunds and dogs scanned during normal business hours were less likely to need additional imaging
increased age increased the likelihood of needing an additional imaging modality
dogs that did not need additional imaging much more likely to need surgery (about 20x more likely)
What draining lymph nodes should be considered when there is malignant disease in the popliteal lymph node
medial iliac, internal iliac, and sacral
What modality has the best sensitivity for induced equine cartilage lesions?
CT arthrography shows the best sensitivity (69.9%),
followed by MRA (53.5%), MRI (33.3%), and CT (18.1%) respectively
The addition of contrast arthrography in both magnetic resonance and CT improved the rate of cartilage lesion detection although no statistical significance was found.
What ultrasonographic appearance is suggestive of a duodenal puplication cyst?
Did the case report show evidence of communication between the duodenum and the duplication cyst?
Hyperechoic inner surface, hypoechoic outer surface - “muscular rim sign”
no
What is recommended for definitive diagnosis of colonic torsion?
barium enema
What were uncommon signs in colonic torsion?
What was the most common sign?
severe abdominal pain, hypovolemic shock
vomiting
What increased with endotracheal tube placement in brachycephalic dogs?
What decreased with endotracheal tube placement in brachycephalic dogs?
What changed least with endotracheal tube placement?
Increased –> tracheal dimensions
Decreased –> soft palate CSA
nasopharynx variable – varied with a mean proportional absolute difference of 35%.
Rostral soft palate thickness, tracheal perimeter, and CSA of the rostral nasopharynx were the measurements least affected by the endotracheal tube
Are hounsfield units in dogs and cat useful for predicting cytologic type of pleural effusion?
Significant differences existed in Hounsfield units between categories in dogs but not in cats.
Canine chylous effusion (6.1 ± 4.7 HU) and transudate (5.6 ± 2.0) were significantly lower than exudate (20.3 ± 9.5) and hemorrhage (21.4 ± 9.2). No significant differences were found between modified transudate (13.6 ± 10.3) and other categories
HU of dependent effusion was not significantly higher than the nondependent effusion, except for canine chylous effusion
In dogs, what HU was associated with chylous effusion or transudate?
What HU was associated with exudate, modified transudate, or hemorrhage?
<14 HU identified transudate or chylous effusion with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 69%
> 14 HU had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 69% for identifying exudate, modified transudate, or hemorrhage.
In CT angiography of cats with heart disease, what was the most common location of intracardiac thrombi?
left auricle
only 1 was in the right ventricle
What tumor other than choroid plexus carcinoma should be considered if there is an intraventricular mass with drop metastases?
oligodendroglioma
Do suspensory branches that appear normal on B-mode ultrasound exhibit power Doppler signal?
no
power Doppler signal was detected in suspensory ligament branches that were abnormal in B mode, both in lame and sound limbs.
Power Doppler scores were subjectively higher in suspensory ligament branches of lame limbs and in branches with more severe B-mode changes.
Why is skeletal scintigraphy not a good screening tool in cases of foot lameness?
Had high specificity but variable sensitivity
best agreements for phalanx, ungual cartilages, and chondral ligaments
A positive scintigraphic result is a good predictor of lesions causing pain or poor performance in the foot, however, this does not preclude the presence of additional lesions contributing to lameness, and a negative result does not preclude injury.
in conclusion, skeletal scintigraphy does not meet the minimum reliability level for a diagnostic test, but is reliable for identification of osseous trauma to the distal phalanx and ungular cartilages.
did three view abdominal radiographs yield statistically significant increased accuracy as compared to two view in dogs with signs of acute abdomen?
no
What radiographic projection improves accuracy of detection and characterization of navicular flexor cortical lysis?
palmaroproximal-palmarodistal oblique obtained at a flatter angle (about 35 degrees)
(traditional angle is about 55 degrees)
what utility is 18F FDG pet for staging mast cell tumors?
Findings indicated that there was a correlation between grade of mast cell tumors and SUVmax as determined by F18 FDG PET-CT
apparent contrast enhancement on post contrast T2 FLAIR often reflects what?
Apparent contrast enhancement on postcontrast-T2 FLAIR images often reflects leakage of gadolinium across normal or pathology specific barriers into fluid-filled structures, and hyperintensity may therefore represent normal fluid structures as well as pathological tissues.
Phantom imaging demonstrated increased sensitivity of ____ sequences to low concentrations of gadolinium compared to T1 weighted sequences.
FLAIR
A majority of hyperintensities on postcontrast-T2 FLAIR images that were not present on precontrast FLAIR images were also present on ____ and were consistent with normal or pathological fluid filled structures.
precontrast T2 weighted images,
what was the most common site of caudal articular process aplasia in pugs which was almost completely spared in french an english bulldogs?
T10-T13
Caudal articular process dysplasia is most common in what breed and also very common in what other breeds?
pugs - 97% in one study
fbs (70%), engbul (84%)
pugs showed a higher prevalence of what in regard to caudal articular process dysplasia?
Compared to French and English bulldogs, Pugs showed a significantly higher prevalence of
- caudal articular process aplasia
- higher number of affected vertebrae per dog
- demonstrated a generalized and bilateral spatial pattern more frequently.
in lame and poorly performing sport horses, what was the sensitivity and specificity of IRU on scintigraphy for identification of final diagnosis?
Should scintigraphy be used as a screening tool?
The sensitivity of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake for identification of final diagnosis was low (43.8%) and specificity was high (94.0%).
Scintigraphic examination is unlikely to lead to a full and correct diagnosis of the cause(s) of lameness or poor performance in sports horses when used as an isolated or indiscriminate screening tool.
CT arthrography of the canine shoulder was better for the assessment of what structures in comparison to survey CT?
CT arthrography was of limited use for assessing what structures?
biceps tendon, biceps tendon sheath, humeral head cartilage
medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments and the subscapularis tendon
What can be used as an internal control for dogs when performing MRI spectroscopy?
the contralateral side
Do single and multi-voxel MR spectroscopy techniques yield different metabolite ratios?
no, not when regions of interest were similar in size and shape
What were the most affected purebred dogs in a study about medial coronoid disease in large breed dogs?
goldens and labs
What were common findings in dogs with confirmed medial coronoid process disease?
- short and deformed medial coronoid process
- medial coronoid process osteophytosis
- sub-trochlear-ulnar sclerosis
- peri-articular osteophytosis in 51.4%
What are the most common site of mineralization in equine tendons/ligaments
DDFT - usually hindlimb and proximal within the DFTS
Suspensory Branches - usually forelimb, usually near insertion
Is tendon/ligament mineralization seen on ultrasound always associated with lameness in horses?
nope
bronchial collapsibility is signficantly greater during what phase of respiration?
forced expiration
Do the presence of size of mediastinal mass differ between myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms?
nope
Pharyngeal collapse is more common in what type of dog during videofluoroscopy?
Results demonstrate that pharyngeal collapse was significantly more common in brachycephalic dogs (58/82; 72%) than in non-brachycephalic dogs with (7/25; 28%) and without (2/30; 7%) airway collapse.
When did pulmonary changes (consolidation, interstitial patterns) resolve after BAL on radiographs and CT?
2h after BAL for rads
24 hours for CT
What was the most common finding in horses undergoing a distal tarsus/proximal metatarsus MRI?
What percentage of horses had suspensory ligament desmopathy?
What MRI finding correlated with grade of lameness?
T/F Overall, the grade of lameness has good correlation with the severity of lesions seen on MRI
OA of the DIT and TMT
53%
bone marrow lesions of the 3rd tarsal bone
F - grade of lameness had poor correlation to severity of lesions on MRI
What is the best CT protocol for vascular enhancement/conspicuity when compromising between low and high number of detector rows?
What the best if you were just evaluating 64 row multi-detectors?
Findings supported the fixed-injection duration protocol as the best compromise between an ideal portal vascular enhancement and an easily reproducible protocol on scanners with low and high number of detector rows.
test bolus was the best for 64 row multidetector
Also, the quality of ARTERIAL studied performed on 64 row multidetector scanners was improved compared to 4-16 row multidetector scanners (no difference for portal phase)
what are the main disadvantages of a test-bolus CT protocol?
- increased dose of contrast required
- operator dependency
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound vs. palpation for identifying intervertebral disc spaces?
U/S takes longer but is more accurate than palpation (97% vs. 76.7%)
What C1-C2 measurement is sensitive and specific for a diagnosis of atlantoaxial instability on radiographs?
less than or equal to +1.55mm
are parathyroid glands consistently seen on ultrasound in cats?
nope
parathyroid glands were frequently not ultrasonographically observed or were not distinguishable from thyroid tissue
this problem was worse in older cats because of the prevalence of nodular thyroid lesions, which primarily included foci of adenomatous hyperplasia
non-articular osseous cyst-like lesions in which carpal bone may be incidental findings on MRI in dogs?
intermedioradial carpal bone
What are the parameters for diagnosing cervical stenotic myelopathy at C7-T1 in horses?
reduction of the dorsal myelographic column by 60% or of the total dural diameter by 30% would avoid high numbers of false positives at this site
What is the most common location of DDFT injury in horses with solar penetrating injuries?
Horses with solar foot penetration, deep digital flexor tendon injury, and absence of concurrent synovial sepsis have generally what kind of outcome?
between the distal border of the distal sesamoid and the facies flexoria of the distal phalanx
positive
What is the most common type of arterioportal malformation in one study?
left-divisional (specifically left medial)
