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Science > 2014 Chapter 1 - DNA > Flashcards

2014 Chapter 1 - DNA Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Choromosome

A

Thread like structures in the nucleus. Composed of DNA and proteins; contains the genetic information in the form of genes

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2
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

A pair of bases that can join to make the rungs of the DNA ladder - adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine

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3
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

A nucleic acid with deixyribose sugar and phosphate as the backbone; the molecule that determines the genetic characteristics of most living things

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4
Q

Deixyribose sugar

A

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide

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5
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carrirs the genetic code for a particular characteristic, amino acid and protein

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6
Q

Nitrogen rich base

A

Part of a nucleotide; the four types are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)

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7
Q

Nucleotides

A

The building blocks of DNA

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8
Q

Phosphate group

A

One of the parts that make up a nucleotide

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9
Q

Autosomes

A

All the chromosomes in a cell other than the sex chromosomes

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10
Q

Centomere

A

The point on a chromosome where the two chromatids are joined together

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11
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the strands of a chronosome following replication

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12
Q

Diploid number

A

The number of chromosomes in body cells; two sets or 2N

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13
Q

Haploid number

A

The number of chromosomes in gametes; one set or N

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14
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with genes for particular characteristics at the same location

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15
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

The type of cell division that produces two daughter cells identical to the parent cell

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17
Q

Replication

A

The process of making copies of DNA

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18
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual; in humans they are the X and Y chromosomes

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19
Q

Protein

A

A chain of amino acids, also known as polypeptide

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20
Q

Bases of anti codon

A

A, C, T, G

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21
Q

Bases of codon

A

A, C, U, G

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22
Q

Each chain of amino aci always start and ends with a type of acid called….

A

STOP

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23
Q

Role of mRNA

A

To copy a section of DNA, then binds itself to the ribosome

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24
Q

Role of tRNA (2)

A
  • To carry a specific amino acid

- To address the correct anti codon for each codon

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25
Q

Double helix meaning

A

Twisted ladder shape

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26
Q

The things that pulls apart chromosomes (in meiosis) and chromatids apart during cell division are…

A

Spindle fibers

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27
Q

There are two tyoes of chromosome. State both of them and imagine their shape

A
  • double stranded chromosome or duplicated chromosome: X

- unduplicated chromosome: |

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28
Q

Purpose of mitosis

A

Growth and repair

It happens 10% of the time

29
Q

PMAT

A

Prophase : condensing chromosomes
Metaphase : lining up chromosomes in the middle
Anaphase : chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibres
Telophase : two new nuclei are formed

30
Q

Role of enzyme in protein making

A
  • chooses which side of unzipped DNA to cooy from

- binds amino acids together

31
Q

Interphase

A

DNA replication (chromosome forms itself ino an X shaped chromosome or duplicated chromosome) and the making of nutrients

32
Q

Difference between chromosome and chromatid

A

Chromosome (unduplicated) = |
Chromosome (duplicated) = X
Chromatid = > (from a duplicated chromosome only)

33
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of the same gene

34
Q

Dominant

A

the characteristic that is expressed in the homozygous condition

35
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles on homologous chromosomes

36
Q

Sex linked genes

A

genes carried by the sex chromosomes

37
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles on homologous chromosomes

38
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

where the appearance of a heterozygous individual results from a “blending” of the two alleles because one allele is notcompletely dominant over the other

39
Q

Mutation

A

a mistake that happens as DNA is copied, causing a change to the base sequence; a change in the gene

40
Q

Phenotype

A

observable characteristics of the individual; the way the genotyype is expressed

41
Q

Pure breeding

A

where all individuals have the same genetic information for a characteristic generation after generation

42
Q

Recessive

A

the characteristic that remains hidden in the homozygous condition

43
Q 
Recall the number of chromosomes contained by each human egg or sperm.
A. 23 chromosomes
B. 46 chromosomes
C. 23 pairs of chromosomes
D. a diploid number of chromosomes
A

A

44
Q 
The gametes of a fruit fly have four chromosomes. Deduce the diploid number for the fruit fly.
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8
A

D

45
Q 
The structure of DNA may be described as a twisted ladder. Recall what forms the upright parts of the ladder.
A. alternating sugar and phosphate units
B. nitrogen bases
C. amino acids
D. protein
A

A

46
Q 
Recall the number of chromosomes in cells after meiosis, compared to the original cell.
A. double
B. same
C. half
D. quarter
A

C

47
Q 
A biology student wants to examine gamete formation. Deduce the most suitable prepared slide for her to examine.
A. human skin
B. rat testes
C. early developing embryo
D. human bone marrow
A

B

48
Q

Deduce when the sex of an individual is determined.
A. when the egg is formed
B. when the sperm is formed
C. when the egg is fertilised by the sperm
D. when the embryo is 12 weeks old

A

C

49
Q 
Meiosis is also referred to as 'reduction division' because it produces daughter cells containing the haploid number of chromosomes. Propose where meiosis would typically occur.
A. division of skin cells
B. production of gametes
C. replication of red blood cells
D. replacement of damaged muscle cells
A

B

50
Q

Recall where chromosomes are found.
A. in the nucleus of most cells of your body
B. in the nucleus of brain cells only
C. in the nucleus of reproductive cells only
D. in the nucleus of stem cells that have not yet differentiated

A

A

51
Q 
A sex-linked trait is one that:
A. only affects females
B. only affects males
C. is caused by a gene carried on the X chromosome
D. affects the sex organs of the female
A

C

52
Q

A recessive trait is one that is expressed in a:
A. heterozygous individual where they have two different alleles, but only one allele is expressed
B. heterozygous individual where they have two of the same alleles, and that allele is expressed
C. homozygous individual where they have two different alleles, but only one allele is expressed
D. homozygous individual where they have two of the same alleles, and that allele is expressed

A

D

53
Q 
An autosomal trait is one carried on:
A. every chromosome
B. chromosome 23
C. chromosomes 1-22
D. none of the above
A

C

54
Q 
Let us say that the gene that codes for normal-type wings in fruit flies has the symbol 'N' and the gene that codes for vestigial (stunted) wings has the symbol 'n'. The phenotype of heterozygous flies would be:
A. Nn
B. normal wings
C. vestigial wings
D. NN
A

B

55
Q 
Let us say that the gene that codes for normal-type wings in fruit flies has the symbol 'N' and the gene that codes for vestigial (stunted) wings has the symbol 'n'. The genotype of vestigial wing flies would be:
A. Nn
B. NN
C. nN
D. nn
A

D

56
Q

True or false:

A gamete produced by mitosis has the haploid number of chromosomes.

A

F

57
Q

True or false:

A chromatid is one of two identical strands into which a chromosome separates during mitosis

A

T

58
Q

True or false:

Alleles are alternative forms of a gene found at the same locus on a chromosome

A

T

59
Q

True or false:

Homozygous individuals posses two different forms alleles of a particular gene, one inherited from each parent

A

F

60
Q

True or false:

An autosome is any chromosome that is not involved in sex determination

A

T

61
Q

True or false:
The phenotype of an organism is the organism’s entire genetic make-up, or the sum total of genes (DNA) that it possesses.

A

F

62
Q

True or false:

The process of fertilisation halves the chromosome number of an organism

A

F

63
Q

Explain the symbol used in pedigrees:

Shaded square

A

a male with the trait

64
Q

Explain the symbol used in pedigrees:

Unshaded Square)—(Unshaded circle

A

male and fmale are parents

65
Q

Explain the symbol used in pedigrees:

Unshaded square with a dot in the middle

A

a male carrier

66
Q

Which of the following statements about RNA is true?

a. ) mRNA is the exact copy of DNA that exists outside the nucleus
b. ) tRNA is a double helix like DNA, but shorter in length
c. ) mRNA is single strand and shorter than DNA
d. ) tRNA is a longer molecule than mRNA

A

C

67
Q

The chemical compound that contains all the information for a cell is called

A

DNA, deoxyribose-nucleic acid

68
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides in a triplet provides the code for a particular amino acid. Combinations of three of the letters A,T,G,C & U are used to represent triplets in nucleic acids, eg. CGA, AAG, TAC. Each letter represents:

a. ) the different tree parets of the nucleotide - one sugar, one phosphate and one nitrogenous base
b. ) the different nitrogenous bases that can be found in a nucleotide
c. ) the different phosphates that can be found in a nucleotide
d. ) the different types of sugars that can be found in a nucleotide

A

B

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