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Geo 2010 > 2010 pt 2: Quebec Lec 7 > Flashcards

2010 pt 2: Quebec Lec 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does Quebec rank?

A

Second among the six regions in terms of economic output and population

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2
Q

How big is Quebec?

A

Largest province in area

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3
Q

St Lawrence River

A

prominent in Quebec’s history and economy

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4
Q

What does Quebecs culture come from

A

derives from the historical experience of Francophones living in the area for over 400 years

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5
Q

What percentage of residents declare French as their mother tongue?

A

83%: these are historically been known as Quebecois

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6
Q

Quebecois

A

this term has evolved to now include all residents

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7
Q

Non Francophones

A

this residents cluster in specific parts of the province

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8
Q

Language laws in quebec

A

these laws require businesses to use French, these laws have helped maintain French as the primary language in the region

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9
Q

What percentage of newcomers today speak neither French nor English and chose to learn French

A

74%

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10
Q

Anglophones

A

english speakers: generally concentrated in Montreal, the Eastern townships, and the Ottawa River valley

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11
Q

Allophones

A

neither French nor English: concentrated in Montreal

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12
Q

Aboriginal peoples

A

cree and Inuit form the majority of the population in Northern Quebec

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13
Q

St Lawrence River

A

Essential part of North Americas transportation system because it connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean

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14
Q

Dredging

A

was required to prevent large freighters from running aground

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15
Q

Canals

A

were constructed to allow ships to pass around rapids or waterfalls: these were part of the construction of the St Lawrence Seaway - opening in 1959

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16
Q

Quebecs Growth

A

Quebec is growing at a slower rate than the rest of Canada

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17
Q

birth rate in Quebec

A

low in all areas and the immigration rate is low in all areas except for Montreal

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18
Q

in 1871 Quebec was how much of Canadas population

A

32%: however since it has shrunk to 24%

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19
Q

what has caused Quebecs decline in Canadian population share?

A

1 - expansion of the Canadian West

2 - relocation of businesses and corporate headquarters to Ontario

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20
Q

As Quebec Separatism movements gained momentum…

A

in the 1970s: the Anglophone business and corporations left the province

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21
Q

The canadian shield extends over how much of Quebec

A

90%

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22
Q

Where is Quebecs best land?

A

along the St Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City

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23
Q

the Gaspe region

A

of Quebec is very rugged and confines settlements to its coastline

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24
Q

Precipitation?

A

in this province is relatively high due to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean

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25
Q

Mining Waste?

A

is an environmental issue: waste is evident within the Cdn Shield

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26
Q

Where is toxic chemicals?

A

parts of the st lawrence river still contains high levels of toxic chemicals, lead and mercury, from older industrial processes

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27
Q

Zebra mussel

A

the introduction of the zebra mussel has negatively impacted aquatic ecosystems

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28
Q

what is a zebra mussel

A

a small mollusk that lives in freshwater: it was introduced to the St Lawrence River by attaching to ships that originated in Europe
It has blocked hundred of pipelines and water intakes

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29
Q

Improving the Environment

A

all of the energy in Quebec is generated from hydroelectric plants

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30
Q

Quebecs greenhouse gasses?

A

Quebec is the lowest per capita emitter of greenhouse gasses of any province (along with PEI)

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31
Q

Motorists?

A

charged an extra 0.8 cent per L on gas

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32
Q

What are the revenue from this used for?

A

to fund maintenance of the hydroelectric energy system

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33
Q

Green house gas?

A

a gas that allows solar radiation to transmit through but absorbs in fared radiation from Earth (e.g. carbon dioxide)

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34
Q

Timeline

A

area was originally known as New France

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35
Q

1534

A

Cartier sailed into Chaleur Bay and claimed the land for France. He discovered the mouth of the St. Lawrence River the following year.

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36
Q

1608

A

Champlain founded a fur trading post at the current site of Quebec City. He became known as the father of New France

37
Q

1642

A

Maisonneuve established Ville-Marie, located at the confluence of the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers. Ville-Marie was later renamed Montreal

38
Q

1759

A

The British defeated the French army on the Plains of Abraham.
Led to Canada becoming an English speaking country – Quebec licene plate – “I remember” probably refers to this

39
Q

what happened after this defeat

A

British ruled Quebec for over 100 years

40
Q

1763

A

The Treaty of Paris formally awarded New France to Britain.

41
Q

1774

A

Britain passed the Quebec Act recognizing that citizens have special rights: use of French language, the Catholic religion, and the French civil law

42
Q

1791

A

Britain approved the Constitutional Act creating two colonies: Upper Canada and Lower Canada

43
Q

1841

A

The Durham report suggested Britain unite the two colonies into the Province of Canada( Act of Union)

44
Q

Durham

A

Durham believed that French assimilation was possible. He recommended English to be the sole language and to launch massive immigration of British settlers

45
Q

How was French culture able to survive after the Act of Union of 1841?

A
  • A strong will to remain French speaking
  • Support from the Catholic church
  • The critical mas needed for survival was evident
  • High birth rate
  • The rural nature of the population isolated them from English speaking residents
46
Q

Benefits of Confederation (1867) for Quebec?

A
  • Union with the three other colonies would strengthen the overall economy
  • Catholicism and the French language were guaranteed protection by Ottawa
  • Provinces were given control over education and language laws
  • Working with Ontario, Quebec could influence federal politics and shape the future of Canada
47
Q

Geographic Expansion: 1898

A

Ottawa extends Quebec’s northern boundary well beyond the St. Lawrence region into the Canadian Shield

48
Q

Geographic Expansion: 1912

A

Quebec nearly doubles in size when the boundary is expanded to include the Inuit lands of Nunavik

49
Q

Geographic Expansion: 1927

A

Britain declared the boundary between Quebec and Labrador should follow the drainage divide. Quebec does not recognize this decision to this day.

50
Q

Quebec Economy

A

spatial aspects of the economy are similar to those in ON since the region can be divided into 2 economic areas

51
Q

2 economic areas

A
  • a manufacturing and agricultural core (south)

- a resource based periphery (north)

52
Q

Differences compared to Ontario

A
  • The growing season in Quebec is relatively short

- Quebec has better natural conditions for hydroelectricity development

53
Q

Manufacturing in Quebec?

A

has declined during the past 10 years but remains a viable industry.

54
Q

How many firms in the Montreal area produce automobile parts?

A

20

55
Q

Where are parts shipped

A

to assembly plants in ON and the US

56
Q

Research and tech industries?

A

have fared well in Quebec with the support of Montreals universities

57
Q

Hydro Quebec

A

a sense of pride among Quebec residents and has become a symbol of its economic prominence

58
Q

When was Hydro Quebec created

A

1944: but was a minor force until premier Jean Lesage came to power in 1960. at that time, Quebec announced it would purchase all private electrical utilities in the province : this created a monopoly to generate and distribute electricity both within the province and for export

59
Q

Objectives of Hydro Quebec

A
  • Stimulate economic growth through government intervention
  • Undertake construction of massive hydroelectric projects in the Canadian Shield
  • Develop high voltage transmission lines to transport electricity
  • Sell power to the northeastern states of the US
  • These strategies were highly successful
60
Q

Possible Expansions of Hydro Quebec

A

In 2009: Hydro Quebec was seeking to purchase New Brunswick Power but the deal feel through

61
Q

Negotiations?

A

are ongoing to take over electrical utilities in Nova Scotia

62
Q

Strategy?

A

gain control of the power grid in the Maritimes to achieve complete dominance of the area as well as the US market in the 6 New England states

63
Q

Hydroelectricity

A

these developments depend on 3 factors

64
Q

what three factors?

A

precipitation, topography, and access to markets

65
Q

Precipitation

A

is abundant in Quebec

66
Q

Variable topography

A

with entrenched river valleys ensure a steady flow for the power plants

67
Q

What connects the plants in the north to the populated markets in the south

A

high voltage transmission lines

68
Q

Advantages of hydroelectric developments

A
  • Renewable energy
  • Long life of the facilities
  • Relatively low operating costs
  • Job creation during construction
  • Renewable, no greenhouse gas initiatives
69
Q

Attracting Industry

A

Hydro-Quebec has indirectly improved Quebec’s economy by attracting large-scale industrial development. Hydro Quebec is able to offer power to these industrial firms at a low cost

70
Q

how is hydro quebec able to offer low energy prices to industrial firms?

A
  1. Norhern Quebec can produce vast amounts of power
  2. Hydro-Quebec has a long-term contract to buy power from Churchill Falls in Labrador at 1969 prices.
  3. As a monopoly, Hydro Quebec is free to control its own price structure
71
Q

the James Bay Project

A

It involves the production of hydroelectricity from all 20 rivers that flow into James Bay from Quebec.
The first phase (La Grande) began in 1972 and was completed 10 years later at a cost of $15 billion.
Construction required a new highway to northern Quebec and the creation of a new community (Radisson)

72
Q

Controversy of James Bay Project

A

The project was one of the few hydroelectric developments that created controversy.
Aboriginal peoples and environmental organizations were the most outspoken against the project

73
Q

Problems Associated with the James Bay Project

A
  • Flooding caused by dams
  • Loss of habitat
  • Loss of timber
  • Chemicals in the reservoirs affected fish that were eaten by Cree people
  • Impact on Cree hunting grounds
74
Q

Response to Controversy

A

Opposition from the Cree and Sierra Club influenced public opinion in the U.S.
A settlement was reached between the Cree and the Inuit and Hydro Quebec
This was referred to as the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement.

75
Q

Geography of Northern Quebec

A

this part of the province occupies the Canadian Shield and the Hudson Bay Lowlands.
The economy is based on mining and forestry
The area is too remote to attract tourists
Political opportunities are currently growing for the northern Quebec region of Nunavik

76
Q

Characteristics of Northern Quebec

A
  • An aging population
  • Net out migration especially younger people
  • Few immigrants
  • Growing Inuit and Cree populations
77
Q

Nunavik

A

90% of the population in this area is Inuit.
Almost all residents live in one of the 14 settlements along the coast.
Negotiations are underway to establish a regional government

78
Q

Regional Government in Nunavik

A

This would be an elected parliamentary-style cabinet and council.
A public service would be responsible for delivering health care and education.
The government centre would be in Kuujaaq
Quebec would maintain jurisdiction over the area and provide funding

79
Q

Forestry in Quebec

A

Quebec is Canada’s leading producer of paper and newsprint. Much of it is exported to the U.S.
Demand for Quebec’s softwood lumber has been consistently higher than U.S. softwood lumber.
Why? Quebec cold climate results in slower tree growth which increases the strength of the wood

80
Q

Mining in Quebec

A

Mining is a key component of the economy in northern Quebec.
The annual value of mineral production in northern Quebec is over $4 billon.
Iron ore is the most common type of mine followed by copper, and gold

81
Q

Tourism in Quebec

A

Quebec attracts tourists for its natural beauty, historic past, and francophone culture.
It is within a days drive of tens of millions of people.

82
Q

Threats to Tourism

A
  • Canadian dollar at parity
  • Global economic uncertainty
  • Thickening US border
83
Q

Urbanization in Quebec: how much

A

80% of Quebecs population is urbanized

84
Q

70% of the population live in one of 6 cities:

A

1) montreal
2) quebec city
3) sherbrooke
4) gatineau
5) trois rivières
6) saguenay

85
Q

Saguenay

A

the name of the two cities that merged together in 2002 (Chicoutimi and Jonquiere)

86
Q

Montreal

A

Montreal is the commercial, cultural, and industrial centre of Quebec. Its name is French for Royal Mountain (a large hill in the centre of the city).
The city is located on an island.
It serves as a major port and trans-shipment point between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean

87
Q

Quebec City

A

Quebec City is the capital and the oldest city in Canada.
It is the only walled city in North America and features buildings over 300 years old
The economy is dependent on provincial government jobs and tourism.

88
Q

The Eastern Townships (estrie)

A

This is a scenic region east of Montreal abutting the Appalachian Mountains.
Sherbrooke is the largest city in this region

Geo 2010 (6 decks)

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