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Geo 2010 > 2010 pt :2: BC Lec 8 > Flashcards

2010 pt :2: BC Lec 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is BC

A

British Columbia is mainly located in the Cordillera physiographic region.

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2
Q

Northeastern part of BC?

A

The northeastern part of the province is located in the Interior Plains physiographic region.

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3
Q

mountain regions?

A

The mountain ranges in B.C are aligned on a northwest to southeast axis.

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4
Q

What about plateaus?

A

Central plateau lands are found between mountain ranges

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5
Q

where are the insular mountains?

A

The Insular Mountains are located just off the coast of B.C. and form the backbone of Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island

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6
Q

Rainforests?

A

Temperate rainforests are found along the coast, desert-like conditions in parts of the interior, and tundra at high elevations.

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7
Q

What are BCs 7 regions?

A
  1. Vancouver Island – Coast (most populated)
  2. Lower Mainland – Southwest
  3. Thompson – Okanagan (near Lake Okanagan)
  4. Kootenay
  5. Cariboo – Prince George
  6. Skeena – North Coast
  7. Northeast
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8
Q
  1. Vancouver Island - Coast
A
  • The Coast mountain range is the most prominent physical feature
  • Valleys and fjords are found along the coast
  • The climate is moderated by the Pacific Ocean
  • This area has the warmest winters in Canada
    Industries include forestry, fishing, and government services (in Victoria)
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9
Q
  1. Lower Mainland - Southwest
A
  • Contains alluvial (soil deposited by water: very fertile soil) soil with a high nutrient content
  • A major agricultural area of the province
  • It is home to the Vancouver CMA and the majority of the population in B.C
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10
Q
  1. Thompson - Okanagan
A

Kamloops and Kelowna are located in this region in the B.C. interior

  • A relatively dry area with sunny, warm summers
  • The land is a mix of open range, cattle grazing, forest and some cropland
  • Tourism is an important industry in the area around Lake Okanagan
  • Transportation corridors pass through the region (roads and rails follow along the Thompson River)
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11
Q
  1. Kootenay
A
  • Communities include Nelson, Cranbrook, Fernie
  • The Rocky Mountains are found in this region
  • The Continentl Divide forms the border between this region and Alberta (its like the ‘spine’ of the country)
  • The economy is driven by tourism, mining and hydroelectric power
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12
Q
  1. Cariboo - Prince George
A
  • Prince George is a regional service centre for the surrounding area
  • Forestry, mining, ranching, pulp and paper mills are all found in this region
  • The University of Northern B.C. was established in Prince George in 1990
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13
Q
  1. Skeena - North Coast
A
  • This is an isolated area brodering Alaska
  • Prince Rupert is the second busiest port in B.C.
  • Economy driven by fishing, mining, aluminum smelters and hydroelectric power
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14
Q
  1. Northeast
A
  • The highway connecting Yukon and Alaska to southern Canada passes through this region
  • Small towns service traffic and truck transport along this corridor
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15
Q

BCs population?

A

The population in B.C. is relatively fast growing; many immigrants arrive to the Vancouver CMA from Asia.

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16
Q

BCs 4 main exports?

A

The province has four main exports: lumber, pulp, natural gas, coal

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17
Q

Vancouver was popular for what?

A

filming Hollywood movies

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18
Q

Imports from where?

A

China, Japan, and South Korea flow through Vancouver to markets Canada

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19
Q

Rocky Mountains?

A

Mountains can act as more than just a physical divide!

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20
Q

how does BC feel?

A

a disconnection from the rest of Canada
One expression of this is the concept of Cascadia: This is the name proposed for an independent sovereign state uniting B.C., Washington and Oregon

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21
Q

Climate of BC?

A

The varied topography creates many microclimates

Because Victoria is in the rain shadow of the Insular Mountains, it receives 40% less rain than Vancouver.

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22
Q

Pineapple Express?

A

is a flow of warm air in winter originating in Hawaii that keeps B.C. mild but also very wet.

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23
Q

Summers in Vancouver and Victoria?

A

Vancouver and Victoria are mild and relatively dry (misconception that it is wet all year round)

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24
Q

Environmental Issues in BC: clear cutting?

A

Sustainable resource use is necessary to maintain the natural resources of British Columbia.
A challenge has resulted form the practice of clear-cutting in the forest industry
Logging companies prefer clear-cutting to selective-cutting due to the reduced cost.
Clear-cutting creates soil erosion and the increased sediment can impact salmon spawning grounds

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25
Q

Pine beetle?

A

In recent years, the B.C. forest industry has been impacted by large forest fires and the mountain pine beetle.
The Okanagan Valley is prone to dry summers, high wind, occasion lighnigng = all ingredients for forest fires
= These are all ingredients for forest fires.

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26
Q

What is the mountain pine beetle?

A

The beetle has destroyed vast areas of forest in the B.C. interior.
Warmer winters due to climate change are allowing the beetle to spread at a rapid rate.
Beetles are the size of a grain of rice and bore into the bark of Lodgepole pine trees

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27
Q

Early exploration of BC was?

A

by Spanish, Russians, and British. Spain surrendered its claim to the Pacific coast north of 42°N.

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28
Q

Why was britain concerned?

A

Britain was concerned about many Americans arriving on the coast along the Oregon Trail.

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29
Q

Where was the US/Britain Boundary drawn? KNOW THIS

A

49 degrees north

30
Q

What happened in the mid 1800s

A

influx of Americans during gold rushes

31
Q

When was the colony of BC established

A

The British government established the colony of BC in 1858 to ensure British rule over the land

32
Q

When did BC became a province?

A

BC became the 6th Canadian province in 1871

33
Q

What happened after confederation?

A

After Confederation, Ottawa aimed to lure B.C. into Canada by promising to build a railroad to the Pacific Ocean within 10 years of B.C. joining.

34
Q

What happened after the completion of the Canadian Pacific railway?

A

After completion of the Canadian Pacific railway, towns and cities developed along the corridor.
Vancouver quickly grew as a trans-shipment point for lumber and coal produced in B.C. as well as for grain produced in the Prairies.

35
Q

When did immigration increase?

A

Immigration increased through the mid 1900s

36
Q

Olympics?

A

The 2010 Winter Olympics put BC on the world stage and are a high point in its history

37
Q

Railways in BC

A

Canadian National Railway
Northern Alberta rail
Canadian Pacific

Important shipment areas = prince george and kamloops

38
Q

Core or periphery?

A

B.C. no longer has a resource based economy.
While the economy is growing and diversifying, it has a very small manufacturing base
In this sense, it is not considered a core region
However, economic advancement in the knowledge-based economy has resulted in B.C. becoming an upward transitional region.

a “subcore”

39
Q

Exports to which places make up 25% of products passing through BC ports?

A

to China, Japan, and South Korea

40
Q

What is expected to happen with trade?

A

Trade is expected to rapidly accelerate with China as their economy develops.

41
Q

What is happening in the pacific rim trade?

A

The federal government has invested in the Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor (a program that improves infrastructure leading to B.C. ports).
The Northern Gateway pipeline will transport natural gas from Alberta through B.C. to the coast for export to the Pacific Rim.

42
Q

How many species of fish/marine animals are harvested from the Pacific Ocean?

A

over 80 species!

43
Q

What are the most valuable species?

A

salmon, herring and shellfish

44
Q

What has affected BCs fishing?

A

Overexploitation of the salmon stock has plagued the B.C. fishing industry.

45
Q

why is it hard to regulate salmon fishing?

A

Regulating salmon fishing is challenging because they are a migratory fish.

46
Q

Salmon is where?

A

Salmon may spawn in Canadian waters but then migrate to American waters.

47
Q

Whats the problem?

A

This problem is an example of the ‘tragedy of the commons’. (the destruction of a natural resource that is not privately owned)

48
Q

What are the main BC salmon spawning rivers?

A

Fraser and Skeena

49
Q

The federal government is responsible for managing salmon stock and faces four issues:

A
  1. Salmon spawn in rivers but migrate to oceans then return to rivers to spawn (5-year cycle).
  2. The forestry and hydroelectric industries have negatively impacted salmon spawning grounds
  3. Aboriginal peoples are permitted to catch salmon for subsistence.
  4. The harvesting of ‘Canadian’ salmon by Americans in international waters.
50
Q

what has happened to the size of catch?

A

The size of catch is highly variable from year to year but the overall trend has been downward.

51
Q

Factors accounting for this?

A
  • Pollution of fish habitat
  • Warming ocean temperatures
  • Overfishing
  • High fish quotas
  • Aboriginal fishery
52
Q

why is exporting mineral deposits from BC a challenge?

A

Exporting mineral deposits from B.C. is a challenge because most mines are located far from ocean ports.

53
Q

What contains most natural gas?

A

A shale deposit in northeastern B.C. contains a vast quantity of natural gas.
Infrastructure improvements are needed to export it more efficiently to Asian markets

54
Q

Hydroelectric power

A

B.C. has a variety of energy sources including hydroelectric plants.
There are ideal conditions for hydroelectric dams in the Cordillera:
- High elevation, steep-sided valleys, large steady-flowing rivers
Large aluminum production plants have located in BC as a result of the low cost for electrical power.

55
Q

Tourism in BC

A

Tourists are attracted to both the natural beauty and wilderness of B.C. and the cosmopolitan urban centres.
The Whistler ski resort has benefited from hosting events of the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Cruise ships bound for Alaska often stop along the B.C. coast
Expanding the Sea-to-Sky highway to meet tourism needs was a controversial issue (needed for tall the tourism during the olympics too!)

56
Q

Forestry in BC: BC contains how much of Canadas softwood lumber?

A

B.C. contains half of Canada’s softwood lumber and leads the nation in the export of forest products.

57
Q

In 1960, forestry accounted for how much employment compared to now?

A

In 1960, forestry accounted for 50% of employment in BC. It now accounts for 12%

58
Q

What is a major factor in that decline?

A

A major factor for the decline is the reduction of softwood lumber exports to the U.S.

59
Q

What are BCs two regions

A

The Coast Forest and the Interior Boreal Forest

60
Q

BC Coast Forest

A

Characteristics:

  • Mild temperatures and abundant rainfall
  • Low risk of forest fires results in massive trees over 200 years old
  • Common species are fir, cedar, and hemlock
61
Q

BC Interior Boral Forest

A

Characteristics:

  • Precipitation is less abundant
  • Prone to drought and forest fires in late summer
  • Trees are smaller and have a shorter lifespan
  • Common species are Lodgepole pine and ponderosa pine
62
Q

where does more lumber come from?

A

3X more lumber comes from the interior forests (pine trees) than the coast!

63
Q

Softwood Lumber Dispute with the US

A

American lumber producers complained to the U.S. government about losing market share to
Canadian producers who were selling lumber at lower prices.
Lobbyists encouraged the US federal government to impose duties in Canadian lumber
Despite the existence of NAFTA, this was still allowable. Why?
Because the American companies can claim the lower prices are a form of unfair trade

64
Q

Softwood Lumber Trade Agreement

A

The 7-year agreement between the U.S. and Canada was signed in 2006.
Highlights:
- U.S. had to return $4 billion of duty it charged on Canadian lumber companies since 2002
- US could not launch trade actions against Canadian lumber producers
- If lumber prices fell below a certain value, Canada had to impose a tax on its lumber exports. (this protects US lumber companies)

65
Q

Urbanization in BC: 60% of BC residents?

A

Over 60% of B.C. residents live in the Lower Mainland-Southwest region.
Urban centres: Vancouver, Abbotsford

66
Q

Second most populated area?

A

The second most populated area is found on southeastern Vancouver Island.
Urban centres: Victoria, Nanaimo

67
Q

Third most populated area?

A

A third population cluster is located in the interior

Urban centres: Kelowna, Kamloops, Penticton

68
Q

7 most populated areas

A
  1. Vancouver
  2. Victoria
  3. Penticton
  4. Kamloops
  5. Nanaimo
  6. Abbotsford
  7. Kelowna
69
Q

whats happening in the small communities

A

Smaller communities are not doing so well, not growing very quickly

70
Q

Statistics on Vancouver

A

Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the 3rd largest census metropolitan area.
Nearly 20% of the CMA is of Chinese ethnic origin; this is the highest percentage in Canada.
35% do not identify with any religion; this is the highest percentage in Canada

Geo 2010 (6 decks)

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