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Geo 2010 > 2010 pt 2: Atlantic Lec 10 > Flashcards

2010 pt 2: Atlantic Lec 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Atlantic Canada

A

3 Maritime Provinces: (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island) and Newfoundland and Labrador.

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2
Q

Populaitons?

A

These four provinces have the lowest populations of the Canadian provinces.

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3
Q

Economy in Atlantic Canada

A

Unemployment rates are frequently the highest in Canada and there is heavy dependence on Ottawa for economic support

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4
Q

What are the reasons for the weak economic performance of the area?

A
  1. The division into four small provinces discourages an integrated economy.
  2. Some of the natural resources in the area have been exhausted (Coal/iron) or overexploited (cod)
  3. The population is widely dispersed and consists of small markets
  4. The distance from major markets has suppressed the manufacturing base
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5
Q

Recent boots to the economy?

A
  • Offshore petroleum deposits
  • Exporting energy to New England
  • Wealth returning to the area from commuters to Alberta’s oil sands (parent goes to work for a period of time then comes back home - provide for fam)
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6
Q

Physical Geo: What two regions?

A

The area consists of two physiographic regions:

The Appalachian Uplands and the Canadian Shield

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7
Q

What about these two regions?

A

The Maritimes and the island of Newfoundland are located in the Appalachian Uplands; Labrador is located in the Canadian Shield. [NFLD is not a maritime province]
The Appalachian Uplands are an ancient, eroded mountain chain.
Over millions of years, streams have cut deeply into the land resulting in hilly terrain with rugged areas.

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8
Q

Where is Labrador located?

A

in the Cdn Shield

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9
Q

The most prominent features?

A

The most prominent features are the Torngat Mountains formed 750 million years ago.

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10
Q

Atl’s Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean?

A

results in high amounts of cloud cover, fog, and precipitation.

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11
Q

Labrador Current?

A

The cold Labrador Current keeps the winters cold enough for heavy snowfall.

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12
Q

Winter Storms?

A

Winter storms that move across the continent gain moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and thus intensify as they move over the region.
Such storms that rapidly gain intensity in the region are referred to as nor-easters.

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13
Q

Climate of Newfoundland?

A

Newfoundland is known for having the least desirable climate of any province.
The Gulf Stream is a warm ocean current originating in Florida.
It meets the cold Labrador Current off the coast of St. John’s. This causes considerable fog and mist.

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14
Q

The Labrador Current?

A

The presence of the current is evident by the flow of icebergs that originate in Greenland.
The Labrador Current is responsible for carrying the iceberg that led to the Titanic Sinking in 1912.

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15
Q

Cape Breton Environmental Issues?

A

Cape Breton Island (in Northern Nova Scotia) was formerly a major iron and steel centre in Canada.
Waste products from the Sydney Steel Company were housed in the Sydney tar ponds

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16
Q

What happened?

A

Toxic chemicals began leaking into a nearby creek and seeping into basements.

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17
Q

What did this cause to people?

A

Research indicated that those in the vicinity had a high risk of developing cancer

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18
Q

What did they do to clean this area?

A

The Sydney tar ponds are the site of the biggest environmental clean up project in Canada
From 1998 to 2012, the federal and Nova Scotia governments spent $400M cleaning the area.
(they covered it up = nice recreational area now where it used to be)

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19
Q

How was Atlantic Canada discovered?

A

The region was the first part of North America to be discovered by Europeans.
Vikings established a settlement at the northernmost point of the island of Newfoundland in 1000 AD.
Italian explorer John Cabot (Cabot Strait) reached the area in 1497 while searching for a route to Asia (accidentally bumped into North America: this was when they didn’t know it existed)

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20
Q

Then who populated the area?

A

By the 1700s, the population of the area was a mix of British, French (Acadians) and Aboriginal peoples (Mi’kmaq)

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21
Q

impact of the American Revolution?

A

The American Revolution had an impact on the historical settlement of Atlantic Canada.
Following victory by the U.S., 40,000 Loyalists migrated to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
Waves of immigrants from the British isles continued over the next 100 years
The Scottish tended to settle on Cape Breton Island and the Irish around Saint John (Nova Scotia means New Scotland)

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22
Q

Early Economic Growth of Atl Can

A

In the early 1800s, harvesting of the area’s natural wealth was rampant.
The availability of timber and the seaside location provided ideal conditions for shipbuilding.

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23
Q

What changed?

A

Just before Confederation, iron replaced wood as the main resource for shipbuilding.

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24
Q

Confederation!? [Years]

A

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick joined Canada at the time of Confederation.
P.E.I. became the 7th province in 1873.
Newfoundland joined as the 10th province in 1949.

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25
Q

Why were they all reluctant to join?

A

The Maritime colonies saw New England as their natural market. (They knew they were the periphery)Thought maybe they should join the U.S. instead of Canada. They wanted to remain part of Britain: Canada’s social programs were good: they would support them.
ALSO:The Intercolonial Railway aided in luring the Maritimes to join Confederation.
This gave access to the national market and allowed Maritime firms to achieve economies of scale.

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26
Q

Ultimately, did the Maritimes become core or periphery?

A

However, the National Policy led to the development of the core as a manufacturing area and ultimately resulted in the Maritimes remaining as a periphery. (they knew this would happen and they joined anyways)

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27
Q

What happened to the Nova Scotia Steel Industry?

A

Iron mining provided the basis for the steel industry on Cape Breton Island.
Much of the steel was exported for the construction of railroads in Western Canada.

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28
Q

Whats happened to the steel industry?

A

Demand for steel dropped following WW2 and the size of the labour force was reduced.
The Steel mill closed in 2001 and has left Cape Breton Island with a depressed economy

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29
Q

Unemployment

A

Unemployment is especially high in the rural and coastal communities of Atlantic Canada.
Many of these towns and villages have their roots in the fishing industry that can no longer support them.
Many workers have turned to commuting to Alberta, in particular Fort McMurray (20 days there working, 8 days home)

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30
Q

Labrador.. where are they drawn to?

A

Geography has resulted in Labrador being drawn into the orbit of Quebec.

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31
Q

How has Labrador been forced to cooperate with quebec? (3) / how do they rely on Quebec for the growth of their economy?

A
  1. Hydroelectricity produced in Labrador is transmitted by lines through Quebec.
  2. Iron ore mined in Labrador is shipped to the port of Sept-Iles, Quebec.
  3. The Labrador – Quebec highway connects Labrador’s largest city (Goose Bay) to Quebec’s provincial highway system.
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32
Q

The Continental Shelf

A

Atlantic Canada has a vast continental shelf that extends up to 400 km offshore.
Continental shelf = the extended perimeter of a continent associated with a coastal plain.

33
Q

Banks

A

Areas where the water is relatively shallow are known as banks. (banks = best fishing)
The Largest are the Grand Banks east of St. John’s

34
Q

George’s Bank

A

In 1977, Ottawa claimed the right to manage the fisheries within a 200 nautical mile zone off the east coast; Washington did the same.
This resulted in an area of dispute between the two countries.

35
Q

What decision was made regarding Georges Bank?

A

A decision by the International Court awarded 5/6 of the bank to the U.S. (he feels most fair decision.
The 1/6 that does belong to Canada is very rich in scallops and has helped the Nova Scotia Economy. (worked out well for Canada)

36
Q

Fishing Industry

A

There are differences in the type of catch by location:

maritime = lobster, NWLD = cod

37
Q

Newfoundland?

A

Newfoundland depended mostly on cod fishing until the collapse of that industry.

38
Q

Maritimes?

A

The Maritimes harvest a variety of sea life (cod, flounder, shrimp, crab, lobster, scallops).

39
Q

Most valued?

A

Lobster has become the most valued species, accounting for 62% of the total value of the maritime fishery (maritime = lobster, NWLD = cod)

40
Q

How has the fishing industry impacted the economy over the years?

A
  • Fewer fishers are required since nets and gear have become more efficient
  • Large trawlers have contributed to the problem of exploitation
  • The collapse of cod stocks forced many fishers to turn to government assistance
41
Q

Management of the Cod Fishery was based on 3 factors;

A
  • Estimates of cod stocks by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans were too high
  • There was strong pressure for high quotas from Newfoundland politicians
  • Canada did not have control over the outer regions of the Grand Banks
42
Q

Where is the largest concentration of Atlantic Cod?

A

on the Grand Banks!! By the 1960s, the annual catch was 2 million tonnes per year.
Most of this catch was from European trawlers
These ships are equipped with large weighted nets that drag across the ocean floor
(no regard for enviro = took even fish they didn’t need!)

43
Q

Nets catch what?

A

The nets indiscriminately trap all types of fish regardless of age, species, and value.

44
Q

Implications of these nets?

A
  • They create enormous waste because non-commercial fish are discarded
  • They destroy fragile ecosystems on the ocean floor, including coral reefs
45
Q

What happened during the 1980s?

A

During the 1980s, the cod stock dropped by up to 60%.

Ottawa placed a moratorium on cod fishing in 1992.

46
Q

How long does it take for stock to recover?

A

It is still not known how long it will take for the stock to fully recover
Cod do not reproduce until the age of 7 years.

47
Q

Offshore Petroleum Deposits

A

Offshore petroleum deposits off the coast of St. John’s are a source of optimism for Newfoundland.
In 2007, the province negotiated a 4.9% equity share in an offshore drilling project.
The revenues from this resulted in NFLD and Labrador becoming a ‘have’ province for the first time in history in 2009.

48
Q

Forestry Industry?

A

majority = in New Brunswick

49
Q

History of the forest industry?

A

Some forests in the Maritimes have been logged three times over the past 300 years.
The industry has declined with the slumping newsprint industry and the poor U.S. housing market.

50
Q

Since 2007? (Forest)

A

Since 2007, 5 pulp and paper mills have closed.

51
Q

Hibernia Oil Project

A

A crew of 4000 workers designed the platform that began producing oil in 1997.
Construction required huge capital investment to build a platform that could withstand powerful winter storms and icebergs.

52
Q

Hibernia accounts for what percentage of Canadian oil production (even considering Alberta sands)?

A

12%!!!

53
Q

What does the Cdn Shield in Labraodr have? (mining)

A

iron ore and nickel

54
Q

Voiseys Bay?

A

Voisey’s Bay is a low-cost nickel mine because the deposit is close to the surface and it is a short distance from the ocean (for shipping).

55
Q

Appalachian Uplands?

A

The sedimentary layers in the Appalachian Uplands contain coal, Especially on Cape Breton Island

56
Q

Grand Banks?

A

The rocks underlying the Grand Banks are a rich source of petroleum

57
Q

Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project: history?

A

The project opened in 1971 and involves a damn on the Churchill river in Labrador
It is the 2nd largest hydroelectric plant in North America

58
Q

What was created from it?

A

The vast reservoir created by damming the river is known as the Smallwood Reservoir, named after former Premier Joey Smallwood.

59
Q

Churchill Falls Power Agreement

A

In order for power to be exported from Churchill Falls to New England, it had to be transmitted through Quebec.

60
Q

What did Quebec do?

A

Quebec refused to allow this and instead negotiated a deal to buy power produced from the project
The deal allows Quebec to buy power from Churchill Falls at 1969 prices until 2041

61
Q

Result of agreement?

A

This agreement has resulted in resentment toward Quebec among citizens of Newfoundland and Labrador.

62
Q

What percentage of land is suitable for agriculture?

A

Only 5% of the land is suitable for agriculture in the Maritimes, and 0.1% in Newfoundland and Labrador.

63
Q

What are the three main agricultural areas?

A
  1. Prince Edwards Island (potatoes)
  2. Saint John River Valley in New Brunswick (dairy)
  3. Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia (Fruit orchards)
64
Q

The Annapolis Valley

A

This is a low-lying area of Nova Scotia near the Bay of Fundy and Minas Basin.
The fertile, well-drained soil provides the best agricultural area in Atlantic Canada.
After the glaciers retreated, sea water flooded the land depositing fine marine sediments

65
Q

Since Confederation? (pop)

A

Since Confederation, the population has grown at a rate well below the national average.
Between 1996 and 2006, the population of Newfoundland and Labrador declined by 8%.

66
Q

what percentage don’t work where they live?

A

Approximately 7% of the workforce in Newfoundland and Labrador live in that province but work in a different province (Alberta)

67
Q

Commuting to Alberta?

A

During the peak of the construction boom in Fort McMurray, up to 10,000 workers from Newfoundland commuted to the area.
Air travel, food, and housing are all paid for at company expense.
The salaries they return to their families (up to 100,000 annually) are a boost to the economy of Newfoundland and Labrador

68
Q

What percentage is rural?

A

The region is 46% rural, more than twice as high as the rest of Canada (20%).

69
Q

how did the small towns form?

A

When British and French Settlers arrived, they searched for small sheltered harbours that would provide access to cod fishing?
Hundreds of villages developed around these harbours; many are now in rapid decline.

70
Q

What is the cost of these small towns?

A

Hundreds of villages developed around these harbours; many are now in rapid decline.
Delivering health care, education, and social services to these villages is very costly.

71
Q

Moving away from small areas?

A

Many young people leave the villages in favour of urban centres.
Governments have offered financial incentives to encourage people to consolidate in larger centres.

72
Q

Whats happened to those small areas since 1945?

A

Since 1945, over a thousand villages (with original populations under 200) have disappeared)

73
Q

Resettlement Program

A

This was a joint venture between the federal and Newfoundland governments from 1967 to 1975.
Residents of tiny villages were encouraged to relocate to one of 77 “growth centres”.
IF at least 75% of the residents of a village agreed, they received public relocation funds.
Over 150 villages were abandoned during this period.

74
Q

Confederation Bridge

A

The bridge spans the Northumberland Strait and links Prince Edward Island to New Brunswick.
It is 13 km long and opened in 1997.
The bridge has been a boost to the tourism and retail sectors in PEI

75
Q

Urbanization in Atlantic Canada

A

Of the 20 largest CMAs in Canada, only 2 are located in Atlantic Canada (Halifax and St. John’s).

76
Q

Biggest areas

A

Halifax, Saint John, St. John’s, Charlottetown, Fredericton

77
Q

Halifax

A

Halifax is the urban focal point of the Maritimes.

It is home to a deep, ice-free harbour that makes it ideal as an international port

78
Q

Halifax’s Economy

A

The Economy is based on provincial government administrative services, the naval base, and tourism

Geo 2010 (6 decks)

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