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Medsci 201 > 201 L12 > Flashcards

201 L12 Flashcards

Reproduction

1
Q

What are the purpose of breasts?

A

Nutrition of young

Spacing of pregnancies

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2
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands

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3
Q

What tissue are mammary glands derived from?

A

From tissue that is first identified in the mammary/milk crests and develop between the armpits and the groin.

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4
Q

Where is abnormal breast development likely to occur?

A

Along the lines of the mammary crests.

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5
Q

Derivation of the breast;

Breast development begins with the formation of ——— —– at about — weeks

The first development takes place as a ——– growth of the ———- to form the ——— breast bud

Secondary buds develop from the ——— bud.

These secondary buds will become the ———- —–, which convey the —— from the —— producing tissue inside the breast to the ——)

As ———– progresses the buds develop ——— (become canalised)

Canalisation is induced by the ——— steroids ——— and ————-.

A

Breast development begins with the formation of mammary buds at about 6 weeks

The first development takes place as a downward growth of the epidermis to form the primary breast bud

Secondary buds develop from the primary bud.

These secondary buds will become the lactiferous ducts, which convey the milk from the milk producing tissue inside the breast to the nipple

As gestation progresses the buds develop lumens (become canalised)

Canalisation is induced by the placental steroids estrogen and progesterone.

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6
Q

By birth can the breasts potentially make milk?

A

Yes

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7
Q

When are the breast fully developed?

A

By birth

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8
Q

What is required for milk production?

A

Hormonal stimulus

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9
Q

At birth some babies make a colostrum-like secretion called witch’s milk. what causes this?

A

Because the fetus has been exposed to the placental steroids and maternal hormones they are able to form this secretion.

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10
Q

Name the external structure of the breast described below;

Has many different shapes

A

Body of the breast

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11
Q

Name the external structure of the breast described below;

Is usually raised, cylindrical and pigmented

A

Nipple

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12
Q

Name the external structure of the breast described below;

Pigmented circle of tissue that surrounds the nipple.

A

Areola

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13
Q

What internal structure joins the skin at the nipple?

A

lactiferous ducts

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14
Q

What external structure contains sebaceous glands which give a granular texture to the surface?

A

Areola

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15
Q

What is the major component of the breast?

A

Adipose tissue of the pectoral fat pad.

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16
Q

What is the function of the pectoral fat pad?

A

Give the breast its texture and shape

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17
Q

What ligaments are the breasts supported by?

A

Cooper’s ligaments

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18
Q

What factors effect the function of the cooper’s ligaments?

What does this result in?

A

Age
Hormones

Less support

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19
Q

What do the cooper’s ligaments do?

A

Hold up the breast

20
Q

How many lobes are there in the breast and what are they made up of?

A

15-20 lobes made up of milk secreting lobules

21
Q

Each of the lobules connects to a single ——— —–.

A

Lactiferous duct

22
Q

Each of the lobules in the breast connects to a single ——— —–.

A

Lactiferous duct

23
Q

The ———– ——– runs towards the nipple and expands into a —– ——–.

The ——- —– open onto the nipple to allow ——– of the ——.

A

The lactiferous duct runs towards the nipple and expands into a lactiferous sinus (the broadening of the lactiferous duct).

24
Q

What is the function of the lactiferous sinus?

A

Additional storage of milk

25
Q

When do the breast ducts have active alveoli?

What triggers their growth?

A

At puberty

Estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

What is the resting, non-pregnant, non-lactating breast tissue dominated by?

A

The duct system and fat

NOT THE MILK PRODUCING ALVEOLI

27
Q

What promotes the growth of alveolar buds during menstruation?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

28
Q

What effect do successive cycles of menstruation have on breast tissues?

A

Produce more milk producing tissue within the breast causing increased growth

29
Q

What is noticeable about the before menstruation?

A

There is increased volume

30
Q

During pregnancy what hormones influence breast tissue growth and what are their functions?

A

Estrogen -Breast growth
Progesterone - induces side branching of ducts

Prolactin - alveolar development, stimulate casein and alpha lactalbumin mRNAs

Insulin and Cortisol - stimulate alveolar epithelial cell division (cells that are going to produce the milk)

31
Q

In the ——- ——— gland the alveolar structures are relatively insignificant compared to the ducts.

A

Resting mammary

32
Q

When does the breast weigh the most?

A

When it is lactating

33
Q

In theory ——- should promote milk production but ——— does not occur until after birth.

This is because the steroids, particularly ———- seem to prevent major milk production.

———- is also a smooth muscle relaxant and prevents milk ———.

A

In theory prolactin should promote milk production but lactation does not occur until after birth.

This is because the steroids, particularly progesterone seem to prevent major milk production.

Progesterone is also a smooth muscle relaxant and prevents milk ejection

34
Q

What hormone is produced in large amount in pregnancy, but falls at birth?

A

Prolactin

35
Q

Where is prolactin secreted from?

A

The anterior pituitary if the hypothalamus

36
Q

What stimulates the prolactin release from the pituitary?

How do we know this?

A

Neuroendocrine reflex

We know it’s a neuroendocrine reflex because cutting the nerves to the nipple prevents this reflex

37
Q

What does prolactin induce?

A

The production of milk proteins.

38
Q

——– of the infant on the nipple induces secretion of ——— by the —– —–.

The ——- and ——- of the ——– determines ——— secretion.

The level of ——— determines the level of —– produced. This means the baby is able to ——- the amount of ——- it gets.

A

Suckling of the infant on the nipple induces secretion of prolactin by the anterior pituitary.

The duration and extent of the suckling determines prolactin secretion.

The level of prolactin determines the level of milk produced. This means the baby is able to regulate the amount of food it gets.

39
Q

Milk ejection response (MER)

—— stimulates the synthesis and secretion of ——- by the —— ——.

———- induces the contraction of the ——- cells of the ——– causing ejection of the —— into the —–.

This is called the —— —– response.

A

Suckling stimulates the synthesis and secretion of oxytocin by the posterior pituitary.

Oxytocin induces the contraction of the myoepithelial cells of the alveoli causing ejection of the milk into the ducts.

This is called the let down response.

40
Q

What other stimuli can induce the release of oxytocin?

A

Stimulation of the female reproductive tract.

41
Q

Why might a lactating women have a milk let down during sex?

A

This is because the stimulation of the cervix causes the release of oxytocin, which is important in causing uterine contractions to help sperm transport. But the same hormone causes the let down response

42
Q

What are the stimuli that can induce the milk ejection response?

A

Suckling
Smell of the baby
crying baby

43
Q

How does lactation affect fertility?

A

Prolactin can suppress secretion of the gonadotropins, FSH and LH, particularly LH (stimulates ovulation).

Therefore, lactating women often have no or irregular menstrual cycles.

So lactation has a contraceptive effect - spacing out the birth of babies

Not a very reliable contraceptive

44
Q

What benifits does breastfeeding have on the mother?

A

Contraceptive effect - spacing out the birth of babies

There is a decreased relative risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer

45
Q

What benifits does breastfeeding have on the infant?

A

Babies are protected from getting GI tract infections, asthma, childhood obesity, type 1 and 2 diabetes and sudden infant death syndrome

46
Q

If there is additional breast tissue where it is usually found?

A

Along the line of the embryonic milk ridge

47
Q

Can lactiferous ducts exit the breast at sites outside the nipple?

A

Yes

Medsci 201 (14 decks)

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