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Medsci 201 > 201 L10 > Flashcards

201 L10 Flashcards

Reproduction

1
Q

The uterus and ovaries are suspended in the —— cavity by a series of ——–. These ——– correctly position the organs which is important because the ——– —— are connected to the uterus, but not the ——-.

A

The uterus and ovaries are suspended in the pelvic cavity by a series of ligaments. These ligaments correctly position the organs which is important because the Fallopian tubes are connected to the uterus, but not the ovaries.

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2
Q

Name the major ligaments that hold the uterus and ovaries in place?

A

Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament
Ovarian ligament

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3
Q

What ligament stops the lateral movement of the uterus?

A

Broad ligament

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4
Q

What is the name of the ligament described below?

A double layer of membrane that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus and stops lateral movement of the uterus.

A

Broad ligament

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5
Q

What is the name of the ligament described below?

Connects the ovaries to the pelvic wall and contains the ovarian arteries/veins

A

Suspensory ligament

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6
Q

What is the name of the ligament described below?

Connects the ovaries to the uterus

A

Ovarian ligament

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the ovarian cycle?

A

Allows the production of an oocyte for fertilisation

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8
Q

When are oocytes produced?

A

During gestation

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9
Q

When a female human is born she has her entire complement of oocytes.

How many oocytes does she have?

A

About 1 million

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10
Q

When does the brain start controlling the female reproductive tract?

A

At puberty

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11
Q

What hormones are secreted during the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Lutenising hormone (LH)

Progesterone

Inhibin

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12
Q

What activates the growth of the resting follicle?

A

FSH

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13
Q

What is the follicular weigh?

A

Cluster of oocytes that are developing together in the activated resting follicle.

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14
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

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15
Q

What occurs during the ovarian cycle that separates the two phases.

A

Ovulation

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16
Q

What phase of the ovarian cycle show the highest level of estrogen, LH and FSH.

A

Follicular phase

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17
Q

What structure does the oocyte develop in?

A

A follicle

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18
Q

What helps the oocyte to develop that is in contact with it?

A

Granulosa cells

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19
Q

What do the follicles produce when they start growing?

A

Estrogen

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20
Q

When do ovarian follicles first activate?

A

After puberty

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21
Q

How many days does it take from the time of activation of a follicle to when it starts forming an antrum (capable of ovulation?)

A

85 days

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22
Q

What is the follicular wave?

A

This is when with each menstrual cycle groups of developing follicles are stimulated to grow very rapidly.

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23
Q

During the ———- phase of the cycle one ——– will dominate over the others in terms of ———-.

The other ——— in the ———- wave are going to die by a process called ———- (follicles stop developing).

By the time you reach ——– there is only a single ——– left to ovulate

A

During the follicular phase of the cycle one follicle will dominate over the others in terms of growth.

The other follicles in the follicular wave are going to die by a process called atresia (follicles stop developing).

By the time you reach ovulation there is only a single follicle left to ovulate

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24
Q

Usually, how many dominant follicles which go onto be ovulated are there in women?

A

1

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25
Q

Usually, how many dominant follicles which go onto be ovulated are there in women?

A

1

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26
Q

Pathway of follicle in female reproductive tract;

The ——— sweep around the ——— cavity and pick up the ———, which enters in the ——– ——– where if a pregnancy is going to occur there will be ——- present in the ——— ——- to fertilise the egg

A

The fimbrae sweep around the abdominal cavity and pick up the follicle, which enters in the fallopian tube where if a pregnancy is going to occur there will be sperm present in the fallopian tube to fertilise the egg

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27
Q

What is the top and bottom of the uterus called?

A 
Top = fundus
Bottom = cervix
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28
Q

What part of the uterus protrudes into the vagina?

A

Cervix

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29
Q

The non-pregnant uterus has a luminal volume of about 10ml.

The pregnant uterus contains about 5 litres of baby, amniotic fluid and placenta

Therefore major changes in the ———– of the uterus are required during ————

A

Therefore major changes in the physiology of the uterus are required during pregnancy.

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30
Q

The uterus is normally ——–. This is when the top of the uterus faces ———. As a result the fetus has to turn 90 degrees to be born.

————- uterus occur in 20-25% of women and is ———.

A

The uterus is normally anteverted. This is when the top of the uterus faces forwards. As a result the fetus has to turn 90 degrees to be born.

Retroverted uterus occur in 20-25% of women and is ———.

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31
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the uterus?

A

Serosa
Muscular myometrium
Inner endometrium

32
Q

What part of a uterine layer is shed during menstruation?

A

Functional layer of the endometrium

33
Q

What is the decidua?

A

The part of the uterus that comes away with the delivered placenta (endometrium of pregnant women)

34
Q

What layer makes up the bulk of the uterine tissue?

A

Myometrium

35
Q

What is the main function of the myometrium?

A

The forceful expulsion of the fetus at birth

36
Q

Does the myometrium thickness change significantly during the menstrual cycle?

A

No

37
Q

When does the myometrium contract?

A

At birth and during the menstrual cycle

38
Q

What are the phases of the uterine endometrial cycle?

A

Menses
Proliferation
Secretory

39
Q

During the ———– phase of the endometrial cycle the contractions of the ——— are generally ———- which may aid ——- transport

During the ——– phase of the endometrial cycle the contractions of the ——– are generally ———— which may aid ——– transport

A

During the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle the contractions of the myometrium are generally upwards which may aid sperm transport

During the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle the contractions of the myometrium are generally downwards which may aid embryo transport.

40
Q

What happens during the menses phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

There is the degradation of the functional layer of the endometrium.

41
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Repair and regeneration of the functional layer

Tissue contains glands
prominent luminal epithelium

42
Q

What happens during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

A

Proliferation of tissue at a high rate

Mass change in glands

The endometrium is preparing to receive an embryo

43
Q

Which endometrial cycle phase is the end of the menstrual cycle?

A

Secretory phase

44
Q

When does the menstrual cycle begin?

A

On the first day of the menstrual bleed

45
Q

Why is it important for the endometrium to be synchronised to the ovarian cycle?

A

Because the ovary is producing follicles that are going to be ovulated and may implant in the uterus endometrium

46
Q

Where does the embryo implant?

A

Entirely inside the uterus wall

47
Q

What is the decidual reaction?

A

The stroma of the endometrium becomes edematous, stromal fibroblasts expand and fill with glycogen (energy source for the embryo)

48
Q

When does the decidual reaction occur?

A

Occurs spontaneously each menstrual cycle

49
Q

Is the decidual reaction and the decidua required for implantation?

A

No

50
Q

What proves that the decidual reaction and the decidua required are not required for implantation?

A

Ectopic implantation

Ectopic implantation can occur anywhere in the abdominal cavity.

51
Q

Where does ectopic implantation mostly occur?

A

Inside the fallopian tube

52
Q

The endometrium is ——– vascularised

During menstruation —– of the endometrium is shed and it has to ——— back to full thickness to allow implantation in —- days.

A

The endometrium is highly vascularised

During menstruation 2/3 of the endometrium is shed and it has to regenerate back to full thickness to allow implantation in 14 days.

53
Q

Name the arteries that supply the uterus with blood.

A

Radial arteries
Terminal arteries
Arcuate arteries
Spiral arteries

54
Q

What uterine artery is described below?

Runs in towards the centre of the uterus

A

Radial arteries

55
Q

What uterine artery is described below?

Runs around the circumference of the uterus

A

Arcuate arteries

56
Q

What uterine artery is described below?

Takes the blood up into the endometrium

A

Spiral arteries

57
Q

What are the key vessels that supply blood to the endometrium and, during pregnancy, the placenta?

A

Spiral arteries

58
Q

During what phase of the endometrium cycle do the spiral artery terminal segments get lost?

A

During menses the spiral artery terminal segments are lost along with the rest of the functionalis layer of the endometrium

59
Q

What do the spiral arteries do during mensuration to prevent severe blood loss?

A

They spasm

60
Q

Why do the spiral arteries develop into their shape?

A

In the proliferative phase of the cycle the spiral arteries (and endometrial glands) grow very rapidly

Since they grow faster than the surrounding stromal the arteries develop into spring-like coils.

61
Q

What phase of the endometrial cycle do the spiral arteries grow rapidly?

A

Proliferative phase

62
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cervix?

A

Ectocervix

Endocervix

63
Q

The outermost layer of the —— is a single ———- epithelium which is continuous with the ——– ——.

A

The outermost layer of the endocervix is a single columnar epithelium which is continuous with the uterine lining.

64
Q

What is epithelium lines the ectocervix?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

65
Q

At puberty the ——— everts during each ——- cycle and exposure to ——– and the —— environment induces a ——– zone between the —– and —— cervix

A

At puberty the cervix everts during each menstrual cycle and exposure to hormones and the vaginal environment induces a transitional zone between the ecto and endo cervix

66
Q

Where do most cervical cancers arise from?

A

In the transitional zone

67
Q

What tests are used to screen pr-cancerous change in the cervix?

A

Cervical smears

68
Q

What causes cervical cancer?

A

HPV infection

69
Q

What types of cervical cancer have vaccines?

A

Serotype 16 and 18

70
Q

Regular cervical smear tests every three years are recommended for women, if they have ever been sexually active, from the age of — until they turn —–.

A

20

70

71
Q

Having regular cervical smears can reduce a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer by — percent

A

90%

72
Q

What does LH do?

A

Triggers ovulation

73
Q

What does FSH Do?

A

Stimulates follicular growth

74
Q

In what phase of the cycle does estrogen peak?

A

Folliculat phase

75
Q

What triggers LH secretion?

A

The estrogen produced by the developing follicles

76
Q

In what phase of the cycle does progesterone peak?

A

Luteal phase

Medsci 201 (14 decks)

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