201~300

Question 1

Sinister [ˈsɪn.ə.stɚ]

Answer 1

making you feel that something bad or evil might happen (Eg> Indeed, there is sth slightly sinister about the idea of Rousseau,~)

Question 2

Spectacles [spek·tə·kəlz]

Answer 2

a more old fashioned term than glasses (Eg> If you are wearing rose-tinted spectacles they will colour every aspect of your visual experince.)

Question 3

Jargon [dʒɑːr.ɡən]

Answer 3

special words and phrases that are used by particular groups of people, especially in their work (Eg> Very few people would claim to understand it all, and much of the reasoning is complex and jargon-heavy.)

Question 4

Thicket [ˈθɪk.ɪt]

Answer 4

an area of trees and bushes growing closely together (Eg> Reading it can feel like struggling through a dense thicket of words with little sense of where you are going,~)

Question 5

Glimpse [ɡlɪmps]

Answer 5

an occasion when you see something or someone for a very short time (Eg> ~, and few glimpses of daylight.)

Question 6

Lurk [lɝːk]

Answer 6

to wait or move in a secret way so that you cannot be seen (Eg> ~, but the noumenal world is lurking behind all our experience.)

Question 7

Rigorous [rɪɡ.ɚ.əs]

Answer 7

careful to look at or consider every part of something to make certain it is correct or safe (Eg> Yet we can, by rigorous thought, get a greater understanding than we could get from a purely scientific approach.)

Question 8

Fieldwork [ˈfildˌwɜrk]

Answer 8

the testing of scientific theories in real situations (Eg> No fieldwork is required to come to this conclusion:~)

Question 9

Suckle [ˈsʌk.əl]

Answer 9

to feed a baby, especially a baby animal, with milk (Eg> It’s like the sentence ‘All mammals suckle their young.’)

Question 10

Innate [ɪˈneɪt]

Answer 10

inborn; natural (Eg> When Locke declared that there were no innate ideas and that a child’s mind was a blank slate, he was claiming that there was no a priori knowledge.)

Question 11

Empathy [ˈem.pə.θi]

Answer 11

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another (Eg> Some people feel compassion and empathy, others don’t)

Question 12

Parable [per.ə.bəl]

Answer 12

a short, simple story that teaches or explains an idea, especially a moral or religious idea (Eg> Think of the parable of the Good Samaritan.)

Question 13

Knock over

Answer 13

to hit someone with a vehicle and injure or kill them (Eg> Think of how you would feel about being accidentally knocked over by a parent rushing to stop his young child from running into the road.)

Question 14

Cupboard [ˈkʌb.ɚd]

Answer 14

a piece of furniture or a space for storing things, with a door or doors and usually with shelves (Eg> Is she hiding in a cupboard?)

Question 15

Instruct [ɪnˈstrʌkt]

Answer 15

to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way (Eg> Categorical imperatives are different. They instruct you.)

Question 16

Reverence [ˈrev.ɚ.əns]

Answer 16

a feeling of respect or admiration for someone or something (Eg> This reverence for dignity and worth of individual human beings is at the core of modern human rights theory.)

Question 17

Stand/Be in (stark) contrast to

Answer 17

to be very different from something else (Eg> Kant’s moral philosophy stands in stark contrast to that of Jeremy Bentham, the topic of the next chapter.)

Question 18

Mummify [ˈmʌm.ə.faɪ]

Answer 18

to preserve a dead body as a mummy (Eg> The real one is mummified and kept in a wooden box, though it used to be on display.)

Question 19

Embalm [ɪmˈbɑːm]

Answer 19

to use chemicals to prevent a dead body from decaying (Eg> The idea has never really caught on, though Lenin’s body was embalmed and put on display in a special mausoleum.)

Question 20

Mausoleum [ˌmɑː.zəˈliː.əm]

Answer 20

a building in which the bodies of dead people are buried

Question 21

Lagoon [ləˈɡuːn]

Answer 21

an area of sea water separated from the sea by a reef (= a line of rocks and sand) (Eg> ~the spray from the lagoon in my face~)

Question 22

Flattering [ˈflæt̬.ɚ.ɪŋ]

Answer 22

making someone look or seem better or more attractive than usual (Eg> If a friend asks you whether a new pair of jeans is flattering or not,~)

Question 23

Hereditary [həˈred.ə.ter.i]

Answer 23

passed from the genes of a parent to a child, or passed from parent to a child as a right (Eg> ~and many even had a hereditary right to sit in the House of Lords and decide on the laws of England.)

Question 24

Immerse [iˈmərs]

Answer 24

dip or submerge in a liquid; involve oneself deeply in a particular activity or interest (Eg> Bentham was immersed in his own age, keen to find solutions to the social problems that surrounded him.)

Question 25

Cram [kræm]

Answer 25

to force a lot of things into a small space (Eg> But this wasn’t simply cramming, forced memorizations, or anything like that.)

Question 26

Get over

Answer 26

recover from an ailment or an upsetting or startling experience (Eg> ~though he never really got over his strange childhood and~)

Question 27

(Pig)Sty [staɪ]

Answer 27

an enclosed place where pigs are kept on a farm.

Question 28

Chomp [tʃɑːmp]

Answer 28

to chew food noisily (Eg> ~chomping through the food in its trough, or a sad human being?)

Question 29

Cramp [kræmp]

Answer 29

to limit someone, especially to prevent them from enjoying a full life (Eg> If you cramp their development,~)

Question 30

Incite [ɪnˈsaɪt]

Answer 30

to encourage someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent (Eg> He argued for free speech up to the point at which it incited violence.)

Question 31

Placard [ˈplæk.ɑːrd]

Answer 31

a poster or sign for public display, either fixed to a wall or carried during a demonstration (Eg> ~but if he waved a placard with the same words on it ~)

Question 32

Mob [mɑːb]

Answer 32

a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent (Eg> while standing on the steps of a corn-dealer’s house in front of an angry mob,~)

Question 33

Rein [reɪn]

Answer 33

a long thin piece of material, esp. leather, used to control a horse (Eg> ~because so many, given free rein, would end up making bad and self-destructive decisions for themselves.)

Question 34

Cheeky [ˈtʃiː.ki]

Answer 34

slightly rude or showing no respect, but often in a funny way (Eg>This was Bishop Samuel Wilberforce’s cheeky question in a famous debate with Thomas~)

Question 35

Backfire [ˌbækˈfaɪr]

Answer 35

(of a plan) to have the opposite result from the one you intended (Eg> But it backfired.)

Question 36

Mutter [mʌt̬.ɚ]

Answer 36

to speak quietly and in a low voice that is not easy to hear (Eg> Huxely muttered under his breath~)

Question 37

Under one’s breath

Answer 37

quietly so that other people cannot hear exactly what you are saying (Eg> Huxely muttered under his breath~)

Question 38

Vicar [vɪk.ɚ]

Answer 38

a priest in the Church of England who is in charge of a church and the religious needs of people in a particular area

Question 39

Tortoise [tɔːr.t̬əs]

Answer 39

a turtle, typically a herbivorous one that lives on land

Question 40

Drab [dræb]

Answer 40

boring, especially in appearance; having little colour and excitement (Eg> any of various types of small singing bird with a short, wide, pointed beak)

Question 41

Finch [fɪntʃ]

Answer 41

any of various types of small singing bird with a short, wide, pointed beak (Eg> any of various types of small singing bird with a short, wide, pointed beak)

Question 42

Barnacle [ˈbɑːr.nə.kəl]

Answer 42

small shellfish that fix themselves tightly to rocks and the bottoms of boats.

Question 43

Impet [ˈlɪm.pɪt]

Answer 43

a small sea creature with a cone-shaped shell that attaches itself to rocks

Question 44

Hull [hʌl]

Answer 44

the body or frame of a ship, most of which goes under the water (Eg> ~as well as becoming a world expert on barnacles, those small limpet-like animals that cling to rocks and the hulls of ships.)

Question 45

Mate (verb) [meɪt]

Answer 45

come together for breeding (Eg> A bird~would find it difficult to survive long enough yo mate and produce offspring.)

Question 46

Impersonal [ɪmˈpɝː.sən.əl]

Answer 46

without human warmth; not friendly and without features that make people feel interested or involved (Eg> It is impersonal: like a machine that keeps working automatically.)

Question 47

Get round to sth

Answer 47

to do something that you have been intending to do for some time (Eg> In 1853 Darwin still hadn’t got round to publishing his findings.)

Question 48

Devout [dəˈvout]

Answer 48

having or showing deep religious feeling or commitment (Eg> The captain of the Beagle,~was a devout believer in the biblical story of Creation.)

Question 49

Dismay [dɪˈsmeɪ]

Answer 49

to make someone feel unhappy and disappointed (Eg> He was dismayed that he had played a part in undermining religious belief~)

Question 50

Undermine [ʌn·dərˈmɑɪn]

Answer 50

to gradually weaken or destroy someone or something (Eg> He was dismayed that he had played a part in undermining religious belief~)

Question 51

Chromosome [ˈkrōməˌsōm]:

Answer 51

a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism (염색체)

Question 52

Substantial [səbˈstæn.ʃəl]

Answer 52

of considerable importance, size, or worth.

Question 53

Speculate [ˈspek.jə.leɪt]

Answer 53

to guess possible answers to a question when you do not have enough information to be certain (Eg> ‘A dog might as well speculate on the mind of Newton.’)

Question 54

Mill [mɪl]

Answer 54

a factory where a particular substance is produced (Eg> In the nineteenth century there were thousands of cotton mills in the north of England.)

Question 55

Soot [sʊt]

Answer 55

a black powder composed mainly of carbon, produced when coal, wood, etc. is burned (Eg> Dark smoke poured from their tall chimneys polluting the streets and covering everything in soot.)

Question 56

Grim [ɡrɪm]

Answer 56

worrying, without hope (Eg> these were the grim conditions that the Industrial Revolution~)

Question 57

Wretched [ˈretʃ.ɪd]

Answer 57

unpleasant or of low quality (Eg> Meanwhile those who had nothing but their labour to sell lived wretched lives and were exploited.)

Question 58

Proletariat [ˌproʊ.ləˈter.i.ət]

Answer 58

the class of people who do unskilled jobs in industry and own little or no property

Question 59

Tedious [ˈtiː.di.əs]

Answer 59

boring (Eg> But this made the worker’s lives even more tedious as they were forced to perform boring, repetitive actions over and over again.)

Question 60

Cog [kɑːɡ]

Answer 60

one of the tooth-like parts around the edge of a wheel in a machine that fits between those of a similar wheel, causing both wheels to move (Eg> Instead of being creative, they were worn down and turned into cogs in a huge piece of machinery.)

Question 61

Call upon(on) sb

Answer 61

to ask formally for someone to do something (Eg> ~he called upon workers of the world to unite and overthrow capitalism.)

Question 62

Opium [oʊpiəm]

Answer 62

powerful drug made from the juice or sap of a type of poppy; used in medicines that relieve pain or help someone sleep. (Eg> Religion, he famously declared, was ‘the opium of the people’:~)

Question 63

Tuberculosis [tuːˌbɝː.kjəˈloʊ.sɪs]

Answer 63

a serious infectious disease that can attack many parts of a person’s body, especially their lungs (Eg> When he died of tuberculosis in 1883, few people could have foreseen Marx’s impact on later history.)