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A Little History Of Philosophy > 101~200 > Flashcards

101~200 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mortal [ˈmôrdl]

A

a human being subject to death, often contrasted with a divine being (Eg> Mortals, Philosophy explains, are foolish to let their happiness depend on sth so changeable.)

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2
Q

Jog [dʒɒg]

A

push or bump it slightly so that it moves. (Eg> We never really learn anything new, just have our memories jogged.)

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3
Q

Map out

A

to plan the details of something, such as a program or one’s future (Eg> My life was already mapped out for me in every tiniest detail.)

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4
Q

Perplex [pɚˈpleks]

A

to confuse and worry someone slightly by being difficult to understand or solve (Eg> This is perplexing. It is what philosophers call a paradox.)

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5
Q

Plausible [ˈplɑː.zə.bəl]

A

seeming likely to be true, or able to be believed (Eg> Yet both are plausible if you believe that God is all-knowing.)

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6
Q

Atheist [eɪ.θi.ɪst]

A

a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods (Eg1> This God could conceivably exist-even atheist usually accept that./Eg2> ~though some people took this to be a disguised way of declaring that he was an atheist.)

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7
Q

A priori [eɪ praɪˈɔː.raɪ]

A

relating to or denoting reasoning or knowledge which proceeds from theoretical deduction rather than from observation or experience (선험적인, 연역적인; Eg> This is a priori argument, one that doesn’t rely on any observation about the world to reach its conclusions.)

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8
Q

Exotic [iɡˈzädik]

A

originating in or characteristic of a distant foreign country (Eg> ~is filled with all the fruit, exotic trees and plants and animals that are imaginable.)

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9
Q

Conjure [kʌn.dʒɚ]

A

to make something appear by magic, or as if by magic (Eg> You can’t conjure a perfect island into real existence in world just by imagining what it would be like.)

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10
Q

Regress [ˈrēˌɡres]

A

the action of returning to a former or less developed state (noun [ˈrēˌɡres] VS verb [rəˈɡres]re에 강세; Eg> ~there couldn’t be a never-ending series of effects and their earlier causes going back endlessly in time-an infinite regress.)

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11
Q

Notorious [noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs]

A

generally known and talked of (Eg> The prince, the book in which he spells all this out, has been notorious ever since it was published in 1532.)

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12
Q

Account [əˈkaʊnt]

A

a written or spoken description of an event (Eg> others think it the most accurate account ever written of what actually happens in politics.)

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13
Q

Bring up

A

look after a child until it is an adult (Eg> Machiavelli had been born and brought up in Florence.)

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14
Q

Ruthless [ˈruːθ.ləs]

A

having or showing no pity or compassion for others (Eg> The only leader who really impressed him was Cesare Borgia, a ruthless man,~)

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15
Q

illegitimate [ˌɪl.ɪˈdʒɪt̬.ə.mət]

A

born of parents not married to each other; not legal or fair (Eg> the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI~)

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16
Q

Valour ( valor US)[ˈvæl.ɚ]

A

great courage (Eg> This is the Italian word for ‘manliness’ or valour.)

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17
Q

Gruesome [ˈɡruː.səm]

A

extremely unpleasant and shocking, and usually dealing with death or injury (Eg> Machiavelli approved of this gruesome treatment.)

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18
Q

Manly (adj) [ˈmæn.li]

A

having the qualities that people think a man should have (Eg> So Borgia’s action was manly.)

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19
Q

Bloodshed [blʌd.ʃed]

A

killing and violence (Eg> It produced the desired effects and prevented further bloodshed.)

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20
Q

Squeamish [skwiː.mɪʃ]

A

easily upset or shocked by things that you find unpleasant or that you do not approve of (Eg>Borgia was a good prince because he wasn’t squeamish about doing what was necessary to keep in power.)

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21
Q

Approve of

A

to have a positive opinion of someone or something (Eg> Machiavelli wouldn’t have approved of pointless murder, killing just for sake of it; but the murders he described weren’t like that.)

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22
Q

Disastrous [dəˈzastrəs]

A

causing great damage (Eg> Acting with compassion in those circumstances, Machiavelli believed, would have been disastrous.)

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23
Q

Cynicism [ˈsinəˌsizəm]

A

an inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism (Eg> This is part of his cynicism, his low view of human nature.)

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24
Q

Cunning [ˈkʌn.ɪŋ]

A

clever at planning something so that they get what they want, especially by tricking other people, or things that are cleverly made for a particular purpose. (Eg> The fox is cunning and can spot traps, but the lion is immensely strong and terrifying.)

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25
Q

Brute [bro͞ot]

A

characterized by an absence of reasoning or intelligence (Eg> It is no good being like the lion all the time, acting simply by brute force, as that will leave you at risk of falling into a trap.)

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26
Q

Wily [waɪli]

A

clever at achieving what they want, especially by tricking people (Eg> Nor can you just be a wily fox)

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27
Q

Gullible [ɡʌl.ə.bəl]

A

easily deceived or tricked, and too willing to believe everything that other people say (Eg> Fortunately, people are gullible.)

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28
Q

Be taken in

A

to trick someone into believing something that is not true (Eg> They are taken in by appearance.)

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29
Q

Underpin [ʌn.dɚˈpɪn]

A

to give support, strength, or a basic structure to something (Eg> it underpins his whole account of how he thought society ought to be structured.)

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30
Q

Fitness Fanatic [fɪtnɪs fəˈnætɪk]

A

someone who is obsessed with exercise and keeping himself or herself fit. (Eg> What’s less well known is that he was also an early finess fanatic.)

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31
Q

Stride [straɪd]

A

to walk somewhere quickly with long steps (Eg> He would go out for a long walk every morning, striding quickly up hills so as to get out of breath.)

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32
Q

Inkwell [ˈɪŋk.wel]

A

a container for ink (Eg> In case he had any good ideas while out he had a special stick made with an inkwell in the handle.)

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33
Q

Wispy [ˈwɪs.pi]

A

(of hair, threads, smoke, etc.) fine; feathery (Eg> This tall, red-faced, cheerful man with a mustache and a little wispy.)

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34
Q

Earshot [ɪr.ʃɑːt]

A

the range or distance over which one can hear or be heard (Eg> the range or distance over which one can hear or be heard)

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35
Q

Genial [ˈdʒiː.ni.ə]

A

friendly and pleasant (Eg> Despite his genial character, Hobbes, like Machiavelli, had a low view of human beings.)

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36
Q

Brutish [ˈbruː.t̬ɪʃ]

A

rough, unpleasant, and often violent (Eg> In Hobbes’ memorable description, life outside society would be ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short’.)

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37
Q

Parliament [ˈpɑːr.lə.mənt]

A

in some countries, the group of (usually) elected politicians or other people who make the laws for their country (Eg> The solution, Hobbes argued, was to put some powerful individual or parliament in charge.)

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38
Q

Sovereign [ˈsɑːv.rən]

A

a king or queen (Eg> Without what he called a ‘sovereign’, life would be a kind of hell.

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39
Q

Inflict [ɪnˈflɪkt]

A

to force someone to experience something very unpleasant (Eg> This sovereign would be given the right to inflict severe punishment on anyone who stepped out of line.)

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40
Q

Nightmarish [ˈnaɪt.mer.ɪʃ]

A

of the nature of a nightmare; very frightening or unpleasant (Eg> ~the steps needed to move from these nightmarish situation of the state of nature to a secure society in which life is bearable.)

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41
Q

Sceptre [sep.tɚ] (US scepter)

A

a decorated stick that is carried by a queen or king during some official ceremonies as a symbol of their authority

42
Q

Impose [ɪmˈpoʊz]

A

to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received (Eg> ~, a promise to let a sovereign impose laws on them.)

43
Q

Be better off

A

to have more money than you had in the past or more money than most other people (Eg> They’d be better off with a powerful authority in charge than all fighting each other.)

44
Q

Womb [wuːm]

A

the organ in the body of a woman or other female mammal in which a baby develops before birth (Eg> Hobbes had lived through dangerous times, even in the womb.

45
Q

Anarchy [ˈæn.ɚ.k]

A

a situation in which there is no organization and control, especially in society, because there is no effective government (Eg> ~, but the real fear that England could easily descend into anarchy haunted his later writing.)

46
Q

Haunt [hɑːnt]

A

to cause repeated suffering or anxiety (Eg> ~, but the real fear that England could easily descend into anarchy haunted his later writing.)

47
Q

Clockwork [ˈklɑːk.wɝːk]

A

a system of springs and wheels that you wind (= turn) with a key or handle to make some clocks, toys, and other devices operate (Eg> Clockwork mechanisms were the most advanced technology in the seventeenth century.)

48
Q

Curl up [kɝːl]

A

to sit or lie in a position with your arms and legs close to your body [Eg> ~but in reality you were still curled up under the duvet snoring away.)

49
Q

Duvet [duːˈveɪ]

A

a large, soft, flat bag filled with feathers or artificial material used as a covering on a bed

50
Q

Coordinate (noun&verb)

A

(Noun: 좌표) [koʊˈɔːr.dən.ət] one of a pair of numbers and/or letters that show the exact position of a point on a map or graph (Eg> He was an outstanding mathematician, perhaps best known now for inventing ‘Cartesian co-ordinates’-~) ; (verb) [koʊˈɔːr.dən.eɪt]: to make many different things work effectively as a whole

51
Q

Allegedly [əˈledʒ.ɪd.li]

A

used when something is said to be true but has not been proved (Eg> ~allegedly after watching a fly walking across the ceiling and wondering~)

52
Q

Rest (verb) [rest]

A

to lie or lean on something, or to put something on something else so that its weight is supported (Eg> His reputation as a philosopher rests largely in his Meditations~)

53
Q

Get around to sth (UK)

A

to do or deal with something that one has not yet done or dealt with (Eg> ~;he also liked asking awkward questions, questions which other people didn’t get round to asking.)

54
Q

Mouldy (adj) [ˈmoʊl.di] (US moldy)

A

covered with mold (Eg> In sack you know there are some mouldy apples, but you’re not sure which ones they are.)

55
Q

Go about sth

A

to begin to do something or deal with something (Eg> How would you go about achieving that result?)

56
Q

Foothold (noun) [ˈfʊt.hoʊld]

A

a hold for the feet ; a position usable as a base for further advance (Eg> That would be enough to give him a foothold on reality.)

57
Q

Whirlpool [ˈwɝːl.puːl]

A

a small area of the sea or other water in which there is a powerful, circular current of water that can pull objects down into its centre

58
Q

Immune [ɪˈmjuːn]

A

not able to be punished or damaged by something (Eg> ~; whereas Descartes wanted to show that some beliefs are immune from even the strongest forms of skepticism.)

59
Q

Fiendish [ˈfiːn.dɪʃ]

A

evil and cruel (Eg> He says, imagine there is a demon who is incredibly powerful and clever, but also fiendish.)

60
Q

Refute [rɪˈfjuːt]

A

prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false; disprove (Eg> That thought would be self-refuting.)

61
Q

Vex [veks]

A

make someone feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters (Eg> This question of what makes someone the same person over time is one that vexed the English philosopher John Locke.)

62
Q

Flee (fled-fled) [fliː]

A

to escape by running away, especially because of danger or fear (Eg> In the aftermath of the English Civil War, he fled to Netherlands~)

63
Q

Accused [əˈkjuːz]

A

to charge with a fault or offense (Eg> ~when accused of plotting to murder the newly restored king, Charles2.)

64
Q

*the restoration

A

the period in 17th-century English history when Charles II was king after a long period of no king or queen on the throne (Eg> the newly restored king)

65
Q

Gaunt [ɡɑːnt]

A

very thin, especially because of sickness or hunger (Eg> In midlife he was a gaunt, intense-looking figure with long straggly hair.)

66
Q

Straggly (adj) [ˈstræɡ.li]

A

spread out or scattered irregularly (Eg> his straggly dark hair)

67
Q

Slate [sleɪt]

A

a fine-grained gray, green, or bluish metamorphic rock easily split into smooth, flat pieces (Eg> One of Locke’s beliefs eas that the mind of a newborn is like a blank slate.)

68
Q

Sapling [ˈsæp.lɪŋ]

A

a young tree (Eg> Is the acorn the same plant as the sapling and the sapling the same plant as the huge oak?)

69
Q

Cobbler [ˈkɑː.blɚ]

A

a person who repairs shoes (Eg> To illustrate this he imagined a prince waking up with a cobbler’s memories;~)

70
Q

Orchard [ˈɔːr.tʃɚd]

A

a piece of land planted with fruit trees (Eg> ~he had been hit when as a boy he’d stolen apples from an orchard.)

71
Q

Escapade [es.kə.peɪd]

A

an act involving some danger, risk, or excitement, because it is different from usual or expected behaviour (Eg> because he could remember his orchard escapade.)

72
Q

Rig up [rɪɡ]

A

to quickly make a piece of equipment from any materials you can find (Eg> Perhaps you could rig up a remote camera.)

73
Q

Sensation [senˈseɪ.ʃən]

A

a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body; a widespread reaction of interest and excitement (Eg> It’s just that for Berkeley what we call a stone is nothing more than the sensation it gives rise to.)

74
Q

Apparatus [ˌæp.əˈræt̬.əs]

A

a set of materials or equipment designed for a particular use (Eg> It is produced by a combination of features of the elephant and features of our sensory apparatus, in the case the eye.)

75
Q

Microscopic [ˌmīkrəˈskäpik]

A

so small as to be visible only with a microscope (Eg> sensations of colour, Locke believed, come from the interaction between the microscopic textures of objects and our visual system.)

76
Q

Oar [ɔːr]

A

a long pole with a wide, flat part at one end, used for rowing a boat

77
Q

Ailment [ˈeɪl.mənt]

A

an illness, typically a minor one (Eg> ~and may even have worked as a cure for minor ailments ~)

78
Q

Antiseptic [æntiseptɪk]

A

kills germs and harmful bacteria (Eg> ~since it does have mild antiseptic properties~)

79
Q

Catch on

A

become popular (Eg> Berkeley’s idealism hasn’t caught on either.)

80
Q

Iris [ˈaɪ.rɪs]

A

the coloured circular part of that eye that surrounds the black pupil (Eg> It has a lens that focuses the image, an iris that adapts to changing light, and eyelids and eyelashes to protect it.)

81
Q

Swivel [ˈswɪv.əl]

A

to turn around a central point so that it is facing in a different direction (Eg> If you look to one side, the eyeball swivels in its socket.)

82
Q

(Eye) Socket [säkət]

A

the cavity in the skull which encloses an eyeball with its surrounding muscles (Eg> If you look to one side, the eyeball swivels in its socket.)

83
Q

Clamber (over) [ˈklæm.bɚ]

A

to climb up, across, or into somewhere with difficulty, using the hands and the feet (Eg> You clamber over the tumbled remains of a palace with walls, stairs, pathways and courtyards.)

84
Q

Tumbled [ˈtəmbəld]

A

having fallen or collapsed (Eg> the tumbled bricks of the city’s fallen walls)

85
Q

Cogwheel [ˈkäɡˌ(h)wēl]

A

a wheel with cogs

86
Q

Amoeba [əmiːbə]

A

the smallest kind of living creature. Amoebae consist of only one cell, and are found in water or soil (Eg> Well then, think of nature: trees, flowers, mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, even amoeba.)

87
Q

Spherical [ˈsfirik(ə)l]:

A

shaped like a sphere (~whether it is cube-shaped or spherical,~)

88
Q

Plausible [ˈplôzəb(ə)l]

A

(of an argument or statement) seeming reasonable or probable (Eg> Hume’s view was that there were always more plausible explanations of what was going on.)

89
Q

Agnostic [æɡˈnɑː.stɪk]

A

someone who does not know, or believes that it is impossible to know, if a god exists (Eg> On the basis of this, some philosophers think he was an agnostic.)

90
Q

Deathbed [ˈdeθ.bed]

A

the bed that someone dies in or is dying in (Eg> ~he wasn’t about to have a deathbed conversion.)

91
Q

*deathbed conversion

A

the adoption of a particular religious faith shortly before dying

92
Q

Contemporary ( noun) [kənˈtem.pə.rer.i]

A

a person or thing living or existing at the same time as another (Eg> Hume had many brilliant contemporaries, many of whom he knew personally.)

93
Q

Commotion [kəˈmoʊ.ʃən]

A

a sudden, short period of noise, confusion, or excited movement (Eg> ~caused the sort of commotion and crowds that a famous pop star would today.)

94
Q

Unconventional [ˌʌn.kənˈven.ʃən.əl]

A

different from what is usual or from the way most people do things (Eg> By this time the Catholic Church had banned several of his books because they contained unconventional religious ideas.)

95
Q

Revolutionary [rev.əˈluː.ʃən.er.i]

A

someone who tries to cause or take part in a revolution (Eg> It’s no surprise that revolutionaries learnt these words by heart.)

96
Q

Brotherhood [ˈbrʌð.ɚ.hʊd]

A

friendship and loyalty (Eg> They wanted true freedom together with equality and brotherhood.)

97
Q

Guillotine [ˈɡɪl.ə.tiːn]

A

a machine with a heavy blade sliding vertically in grooves, used for beheading people (Eg> It’s unlikely, though, that Rousseau, who had died a decade before, would have approved of Robespierre sending his enemies to the guillotine in a reign of terror.)

98
Q

Reign [reɪn]

A

the period of time when a king or queen rules a country (Eg> the reign of Henry VIII)

99
Q

Upkeep [ˈʌp.kiːp]

A

the cost or process of keeping something, such as a building, in good condition (Eg> If we accept that many services, such as the upkeep of roads, need to be paid for from taxation~)

100
Q

Coincide [ˌkoʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd]

A

to happen at or near the same time (Eg> Your wishes should coincide with what is best for all, and laws should help you to avoid acting selfishly.)

A Little History Of Philosophy (3 decks)

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