20 mark questions plans Flashcards
Social class is changing / not important
P1) - Palkulski + Waters (Postmod) There’s been a shift from production to consumption, we are defined by what you buy not what you work as.
- Polhemus (Postmod) supermarket of style.
* Consumer culture
* Social and culture capital aren’t needed.
* Globalization (of products)
> Social media and promoting products much more (to have a good life you need material possessions rather then wealth)
P2) - Offe, Fewer individuals share a common experience of full time work and people can much more easily switch jobs.
- Functionalists may say that this create a meritocracy whereby if you work hard enough you can achieve.
* Social mobility
*Social status
* ‘Iron Cage’ (Weber) can be criticized because people have the ability to move social classes.
> Kier Starmer
> David Beckham
P3) - Savage, people in his study saw Britain as a classless society and couldn’t put themselves into a distinct class because they felt like ‘ordinary people’.
- Maffesoli (neo - tribes)
* Postmodernism
* Secondary socialization + peers more influential then family?
* Less social closure
> Many people are more likely to identify with middle class then working class because of the decline is manual labour jobs.
P4) AO3 - Bourdieu, believes in the three capitals.
- Max Weber, life chances.
* Self fulfilling prophecy
* Socialization
* Internalization
> Boris Johnson
> Goldthorpes study 1:2:4 - what ever the working class chances are at experiencing upward social mobility, middle class that x2 that and upper class had x4 that. Boris Johnson
Social class is important / fixed
P1) Bourdieu, believes in the three capitals.
- Max Weber, life chances.
* Socialization
* Internalization
* Self fulfilling prophecy
> Boris Johnson
> Goldthorpes study 1:2:4 - what ever the working class chances are at experiencing upward social mobility, middle class that x2 that and upper class had x4 that.
P2) Marshall did a social experiment to see how people felt about their social class and found that class identity was strong. 60% though of themselves as in a class, 90% could put themselves in one if they wanted to, 75% agreed that it was hard to get out of a class.
* Marxists
* Meritocracy
* Social mobility
> The institute for Employment studies found that 28% of total entrants to undergraduate studies were lower class, compared to 72% of upperclass.
P3) Skeggs, found that working class women were ashamed of their class then talking to important higher class people such as doctors because they would dismiss and judge them. Therefore, they started dressing for the higher classes.
* Stigmatization
* Marxist feminists
* Stereotypes
*High culture
* Master status
* Othering
> Lower class ‘tacky’ fashion = leopard print. Women spend lots of money on make up and nails to compensate for their social class.
P4) AO3 Palkulski + Waters (Postmod) There’s been a shift from production to consumption, we are defined by what you buy not what you work as.
- Polhemus (Postmod) supermarket of style.
* Consumer culture
* Social and culture capital aren’t needed.
* Globalization (of products)
> Social media and promoting products much more (to have a good life you need material possessions rather then wealth)
Age is is less important / changing
P1) Aries, conducted a study on paintings and found that the pictures showed children doing adult like things. In pre industrial society children were little adults and did not have a childhood.
* Functionalism
* Rite of passage
* Primary socialization
* Childhood innocence
- Woodroffe, children from manual backgrounds are more likely to be hyperactive and suffer long-standing illnesses than children of professionals.
> There are services which work to protect children’s childhood such as offstead.
P2) Blaikie nicknames the elderly the ‘golden oldies’. This is because during the early years of retirement, older people are empowered and have the ability to enjoy their older years.
* Functionalism :) (65% of old people do charity work)
* Solidarity
- Jones Et Al’s study found that early retirement was seen as incredibly positive and that it allowed the older people to explore new interests and skills.
> Joe Biden
> Alan Sugar
P3) Brookes-Gunn and Kirsch, they believe that middle age starts as low as 35, whereas some people say that it might be as high as 50.
Postmodernists - Our society is much more fluid and diverse and we’re more likely to follow neo tribes (maffesoli) then we are set groups.
Polhemus - Supermarket of style.
* Fragmentation
* Consumer culture
* Globalization
> David Robson with the BBC - “most people feel younger then they actually are”
P4) Thornton and Savage, suggest that teenagers are condemned in media more then they are praised which can cause moral panics.
* Demonization
* Labeling
* Self fulfilling prophecy
* Deviance amplification
* Interactionism
> Cohens study of Mods and Rockers subculture on brighton beach.
Gender (femininity) is changing / less important.
P1) Jackson found that some girls spent their time drinking, smoking, swearing, and disrupting lessons of fear of being uncool.
- Denscombe then found an increase in female risk taking behavior related to ‘ladette culture’.
* Patriarchy
* Labels + cooley’s looking glass?
> Dawn French says after she was watching reality shows about ‘young lasses out on the lash’ that the women have started to ‘mimic men’.
P2) Gill argues that there has been a change from passive to active in media representations of women, recently media have been portrayed women as empowered.
* Assertive femininity
> #banbossy campaign.
> ‘Get your arse out mate!’
> Glascock describes portrayals of strong independent women such as Lara Croft in the game ‘Tomb raider’.
P3) Bennett (Pomo) argues that neo-tribes are less gendered and there has been more lose boundaries within certain subcultures which give girls space to discover their own identities.
* Fragmentation
* Postmodernism
> Blackmen - New Waves Girls
> Riott grrrls
P4) Iris Marion Young observes that when doing physical activities such as throwing a ball, girls have been socialized to appear as weaker to be ‘more feminine’.
- Erwin Straus observes how when throwing a ball, the boys get ready for it and throw it at full volume, but the girls have no power accuracy or aim.
* Steryotypes
*Norms and values
* Internalization
> ‘Throw like a girl campaign’.
Hybrid identities
P1) Johal argues that British Asians adopt a ‘hyper ethnic style’ and that they claim a dual identity which he called ‘Braisans’. They have a ‘white mask’ while interacting with other white people and they embrace their mother tounge much more around their family.
- Brah argues that these people take part in ‘code switching’ in which they have a ‘dual identity’.
* Code switching
* Dual identity
* Negotiated identity
* ‘Hyper ethnic identity’
> Butlers study of muslim women found that they’d taken on a ‘negotiated identity’ where they adopted western idea but still has traditional values about marriage (eg, it is normalized for arranged marriage to happen and is accepted by younger people).
P2) Sardar - argues that there is a crisis of national identity in the UK due to globalization.
* Americanization
* Homogeneous
* Postmodernism
> British identity is diluted because British companies are being taken over by foreign companies (TATA Steel which use to be British Steel)
> Cultural things such as food (tikka masala), and the development of technology in other countries.
> Tattoo’s and piercings.
P3) Jacrifcan argues that the speech patterns that are used in area of London by white people have influences of black culture, which is the product of multiculturalism in mainstream society.
* Popular culture
* Mainstream society
* Postmodernism
> Eg, Nayak’s ‘white wannabes’ that adopt black culture due to it’s masculine tendencies
> Eg, music such as rock and roll is influenced by black culture music such as blues and jazz, but it’s still a large part of mainstream white culture.
P4) Stuart Hall argues that one response to globalization is cultural defense, Eg we see this in countries such as China, Russia and North Korea.
- Hewitt, there has been ‘white backlash’ at times due to white people feeling like they’ve been ‘invaded’ and they feel marginalized due to a loss of traditional British values.
- Spencer suggests that EU migrants don’t socalize with British people because British people don’t let them in their inner circles.
* Marginalization
* Ethnocentrism
* Patriotism
* Cultural resistance.
> The EDL, British First and previously the BNP are examples of organisations that have ‘fought back’ against perceived injustices.
> Eg, Brexit voters who voted for it because they wanted Britain to be independent from Europe and British identity to be reclaimed.
Nationality is less important / changing
P1)
Sardar - argues that there is a crisis of national identity in the UK due to globalization.
* Americanization
* Homogeneous
* Postmodernism
> British identity is diluted because British companies are being taken over by foreign companies.
> We’re becoming more american due to fast food chains like McDonalds + Burger King, and our speech is becoming Americanized.
P2) Kumar argues that English people don’t feel care or are comfortable being English and British.
* Cultural relativity
* Cultural diversity
* Socialization
* Master status
> The racist attitudes that Britain use to promote is now been ‘othered’ due to our growing knowledge and cultural relativity.
> Black history month in school + the hidden curriculum.
> Some seem themselves as European rather then British due to conflict over Brexit.
P3)
> A servey in 2005 found that only 39% of people saw themselves as ‘fully british’
> 46% of London population are black or ethnic minority.
* Multiculturalism
* Cultural hybridity
- Modood argues that Asians and African Caribbeans did not feel comfortable with a ‘British identity’ because they felt that the majority of white people did not accept them as British because of their skin colour and cultural background.
> Johal ‘Braisians’
> Brah ‘code switching’
> Third culture children (who don’t have any attachments to any nationalities because they’re constantly moving around in their lifetime).
P4) Stuart Hall argues that one response to globalization is cultural defense, Eg we see this in countries such as China, Russia and North Korea.
- Hewitt, there has been ‘white backlash’ at times due to white people feeling like they’ve been ‘invaded’ and they feel marginalized due to a loss of traditional British values.
* Marginalization
* Ethnocentrism
* Patriotism
* Cultural resistance.
> The EDL, British First and previously the BNP are examples of organisations that have ‘fought back’ against perceived injustices.
> Eg, Brexit voters who voted for it because they wanted Britain to be independent from Europe and British identity to be reclaimed.
Gender (femininity) is important / fixed.
P1) Parsons argues that females have an expressive role in the family which is reinforced by socialization, however the man is the breadwinner.
- Anne Oakley describes how women are socialized to be submissive.
* Canalisation
* Verbal appellation
* Differential activities.
* Socialization
* Hegemonic feminity
> Jobs such as nurses, elementary teachers, and secretaries are taken up by women.
P2) Tuchman argues that the narrow range of women’s roles for women amounted to their ‘symbolic annilhilation’.
* Feminists argue that women are under represented in media and when they are they’re sexualized.
> The bachdeal test
> In romantic movies, the average age for a woman is 29 but the average age for a man is 37.
> Bristol Fawcett Socety found that only 30% of the main characters in a day’s output of Ceebeebies were women.
P3) Iris Marion Young observes that when doing physical activities such as throwing a ball, girls have been socialized to appear as weaker to be ‘more feminine’.
- Erwin Straus observes how when throwing a ball, the boys get ready for it and throw it at full volume, but the girls have no power accuracy or aim.
* Steryotypes
*Norms and values
* Internalization
> ‘Throw like a girl campaign’.
P4) Jackson found that some girls spent their time drinking, smoking, swearing, and disrupting lessons of fear of being uncool.
- Denscombe then found an increase in female risk taking behavior related to ‘ladette culture’.
* Assertive femininity
* Patriarchy
* Labels + cooley’s looking glass?
> Dawn French says after she was watching reality shows about ‘young lasses out on the lash’ that the women have started to ‘mimic men’.
Age is important / fixed
P1) Thornton and Savage, suggest that teenagers are condemned in media more then they are praised which can cause moral panics.
* Demonization
* Labeling
* Self fulfilling prophecy
* Deviance amplification
* Interactionism
> Cohens study of Mods and Rockers subculture on brighton beach.
P2) Dianne Gittens, Children are subjected to controls that originate with older people and they do not have free will.
* Age patriarchy
* Socialization
* Informal social control
> Parents have control over their children’s bodies (telling them what to wear, what hairstyle they should have, whether they can have piercings). Melanie Phillips - All Kids Must have Prizes (a book that says that kids have too much rights and that certain sanctions such as smacking are no longer used which means kids are more delinquent).
P3) Hockey and James, the elderly are not given as much respect or status because work is the major source of status in industrial societies.
* Infantalisation
* Steryotypes
* Marginalisation
* Social alienation
- Pilcher, the elderly are described in derogatory or condescending ways in the media.
> Ginn and Arber, increasing number of elderly people (people aged 60 or over made up a larger part of the population then children aged 16 and under) and people worry about the costs other people will have to pay in texes for the elderly. They’re seen as a burden.
P4) Aries, conducted a study on paintings and found that the pictures showed children doing adult like things. In pre industrial society children were little adults and did not have a childhood.
* Functionalism
* Rite of passage
* Primary socialization
* Childhood innocence
- Woodroffe, children from manual backgrounds are more likely to be hyperactive and suffer long-standing illnesses than children of professionals.
> There are services which work to protect children’s childhood such as offstead.
Gender (masculinity) is important / fixed.
P1) Mac an Ghail explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school and they looked up to hyper-masculinity and valued ‘The Three F’s (fighting, football, and f*cking)
- Skelton and Francais found that play at school was very gendered and that boys took up most of the space.
* Hyper-masculinity
*Hegemonic masculinity
* Socialization
> ‘The Macho Lads’ who saw academic studies as feminine.
P2) Earp and Katz, media have provided us with a stream of images which define violence as an ordinary part of masculinity.
* Internalization
* Cooley’s looking glass theory
* Deviance amplification?
> Media people such as Andrew Tate.
P3) Messerschmitt argues that high levels of male crime are simply down to men trying to prove they are ‘real mean’.
normative masculinity - the socially approved ideal of what a ‘real man is’ Involves being successful in terms of money and sexual conquests, being in control/exercising power
P4) Mac an Ghail argue that many men are suffering from a crisis in masculinity because they’ve lost the breadwinner identity due to a decline in traditional male industries.
*Emasculation
* Postmodernism.
- Canaan researched working class men and found that men without jobs felt emasculated.
> Men fulfilling expressive roles too eg, paternity leave.
Gender (masculinity) is less important / changing.
P1) Mac an Ghail argue that many men are suffering from a crisis in masculinity because they’ve lost the breadwinner identity due to a decline in traditional male industries.
*Emasculation
* Postmodernism.
- Canaan researched working class men and found that men without jobs felt emasculated.
> Men fulfilling expressive roles too eg, paternity leave.
P2) Mark Simpson, coined the concept of the ‘Metrosexual’.
*Costumer culture
* Functionalists :) Marxists :(
> Football players (eg, david beckham)
> Clinique for men (a brand centered in female products that has created a spin off line for men)
P3)
Kehily argues masculine role of men has radically changed as the economic landscape has changed. masculinity used to be expressed through hard work, manual work, providing family wage.
- decline of Britiains manufacturing base has led to widespread unemployed males.
- no longer automatically expected to be breadwinners and providers
*crisis of masculinity
- let to more mental illness, crime, domestic abuse
> Mental health matters campaign.
> Tyson Fury opening up about his mental health
P4) Mac an Ghail explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school and they looked up to hyper-masculinity and valued ‘The Three F’s (fighting, football, and f*cking)
- Skelton and Francais found that play at school was very gendered and that boys took up most of the space.
* Hyper-masculinity
*Hegemonic masculinity
* Socialization
> ‘The Macho Lads’ who saw academic studies as feminine.
Disability is fixed / important
1) Zola argues that the vocabulary used by able bodied people to describe disabled people has negative connotations (dis-abled)
- Watson quoted a disabled person who said “I don’t see myself as disabled”.
- Becker ‘labelling’
* Master status
* Norms and values
* Socialization
* Cooley’s looking glass
*Marginalization
> Carol Gil was a polio survivor who becamed disabled later in life and rejected her identity with the idea that disabled people are to be pitied.
P2) Shakespeare, disabled people are socialized to see themselves as people who need to be fixed through the medical model.
* Learned helplessness
* Self fulfilling prophecy
* Social alienation.
> Medical model (focuses on the disability being seen as something to fix or an impairment which leads to a ‘victim blaming’ mentality.
> Scotts study on blind people, the disabled person developed a ‘blind personality’ because they internalized the doctors view that they should be suffering from psychological problems.
P3) Goffman suggests that people have ‘discredited identities’ in which their characteristics are overlooked and seen as negative due to their disability.
*Stigmatization
*Internalization
* Social alienation
* Demonetization
> In media and films, the villain often has a disability which causes people to associate disability with negativeyy traits.
> Carrie Burnell the Cebeebies presenter got a lot of hate online for ‘scaring children’ with her disability.
> 43% of people don’t know anyone who’s disabled.
P4) Postmodernist Murugami argues that a disabled person has the ability to construct a self-identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it.
* Postmodernists believe in choice.
* Social model is more prelevant?
> Nick Vujicic
Disability is changing / less important
P1) CHOICE Postmodernist Murugami argues that a disabled person has the ability to construct a self-identity that accepts their impairment but is independent of it.
* Postmodernists believe in choice.
* Social alientation
> Nick Vujicic
> Discrimination act of 1995 says that people can form positive identities without fear of discrimination.
P2) There has been some more representations in media which spread a powerful and empowered image of disabled people.
> Meet the superhumans campaign.
> Things not to say to people with cerebral palsy.
> Paraolympics
P3) Barnes and Oliver, disability is a result of abelism and society rather then the person, they’re generally willing to carry on with their life.
- Shakespeare, the social model focuses on social barriers to inclusion - society is the diabling factor + disability is socially contrusted.
> ?
P4) Shakespeare, disabled people are socialized to see themselves as people who need to be fixed through the medical model.
* Learned helplessness
* Self fulfilling prophecy
* Social alienation.
> Medical model (focuses on the disability being seen as something to fix or an impairment which leads to a ‘victim blaming’ mentality.
> Scotts study on blind people, the disabled person developed a ‘blind personality’ because they internalized the doctors view that they should be suffering from psychological problems.
Ethnicity is important / fixed
P1) Sewell, street smart values are prioritized instead of academic achievement because street smarts = masculinity. British teachers have low expectations of them and therefore can be harsher on them, which leads to the triple quandary.
- Strand and Watson, negative peer values were a big issue for the underachievement of African Caribbean boys.
* Social alienation
* Labeling (Becker)
* Hidden curriculum.
* Stigmatizations
> Gilbourn’s study, found that ethnicity influenced how teachers saw their pupils. Afro-Caribbean pupils received a disproportionate amount of criticism to their peers. (37% of them were on report cards compared to 6% of other ethnic minorities).
P2) Ghumann, found that primary socialization was key for muslim families as they wanted their children to have a strong link to their ethnicity. Their mother tongue was crucial part of their religion and many families had arranged marriages with others of the same ethnicity.
- Cashmore and Troyna argue that some ethnic minorities ‘turn inwards’ and seek support from their own ethnicity in the face of racism or lack of familiarity with the host culture.
* Dual heritage identity (Sandset)
* Primary socialization
* Marginalization
* Othering.
> Jacobsen’s research found that many young Pakistani’s adopt a strong ethnic and religious identity because the Islamic community provides resistance against marginalization.
P3) Van Dijk did a content analysis study of news items looking at the representation of ethnic minorities. They labelled them as deviant and criminals (asylum seekers were labeled as potential terrorists).
- Stuart Hall argues that ethnic minorities are used as ‘scapegoats’ for the media to blame, instead of looking at the government who were dealing with a financial crisis.
- Mead’s ‘I’ and ‘me’ concept.
*Deamonization
* Internalization
> According to diversity UK, “78% believe the way the media portrays ethnic minorities promotes racism”.
P4)
Ethnicity is less important / changing
P1) Modood found that later generations of British immigrants experience a weakening of their ethnic identity. This is because they are assimilating in British norms and values. The increase in black and Asian role models especially within music and sports helped this.
* Homogeneity
* Ethnocentrism
* Socialization
> Charlotte Butler’s study on Muslim women found that they adopted more western values such as education and career meaning that they had much more of a hybrid identity.
> Romesh Ranganathan’s mother said that he ‘acted like a white person’ and that he didn’t feel connected to his Asian culture at all.
P2) Postmodernists believe that we live in a globalized world where people can chose their own identity.
- Brah code switching, they can change their identity based on who they’re talking to.
* Hybridity
* ‘Neo tribes’ (Maffesoli)
> Americanised products such as Tikka Masala.
P3) Les Back, identifies how there’s a rise in ‘neighbourhood nationalism’ because British cities are full of many cultures - meaning that friendship groups are often diverse. Friends borrow from each other and use each other’s language and clothes.
* Multiculturalism
* Cultrual relavivity
> Nayak ‘white wannabes’
P4) Van Dijk did a content analysis study of news items looking at the representation of ethnic minorities. They labelled them as deviant and criminals (asylum seekers were labeled as potential terrorists).
- Stuart Hall argues that ethnic minorities are used as ‘scapegoats’ for the media to blame, instead of looking at the government who were dealing with a financial crisis.
- Mead’s ‘I’ and ‘me’ concept.
*Deamonization
* Internalization
> According to diversity UK, “78% believe the way the media portrays ethnic minorities promotes racism”.
