12 mark questions

Question 1

Henry Hitchings (Sociologist)

Answer 1

(Norms and values) He argues that most societies have unique cultural norms which shape how members of those societies should behave when meeting, greeting, and addressing others

Question 2

Marzieh Gordon et al (sociologist + example)

Answer 2

(Norms and values) He observed that the basic cultural norms of communication, especially with regard to the use of body language, differ between the Arabs and the Americans which may lead to misinterpretation.

For example, it is the Arab norms to be physically animated in body language by exaggerating facial expressions. However in western society, it’s the norm for subtle facial expression and minor hand-gesturing to be used in everyday conversation.

Question 3

Patience Akumu (sociologist)

Answer 3

(Norms and values) Kneeling in deference to men and older people is a common cultural experience and the norm for
many females in African ethnic groups.

Question 4

The muslim value of ‘Ummah Islamiyyah’ (example)

Answer 4

(Norms and values) It is the view that an important duty of muslims is to contribute to the whole islamic community, and to assist all muslims in need wherever they are in the world.

Question 5

Eva Krockow (study)

Answer 5

(Norms and values) She compared the role of ‘trust’ in national value systems in Japan, the UK, and the US. She found that japan religions such a Buddhism prioritize the group over the individual and that they developed a strong community. However, Christian values in the west thinks of
humans as individuals and not mere members of a group, and as a result British and American people were less trusting then others.

Question 6

Feminists criticism of norms and values (theory)

Answer 6

They are critical of gender norms and think that we’re socialized into men taking the dominant roles and females the submissive roles.

Question 7

Marxist’s criticism of norms and values (theory)

Answer 7

Marxist’s critique capitalism norms and values because they encourage unthinking selfishness, greed, and exploitation.

Question 8

Hamar tribe in Ethiopia (example)

Answer 8

(Norms and values) They had a rite of passage where when an individual reaches a certain age he has to preform certain rituals in order to progress on to adulthood. He had to run over bills to prove his courage and manhood.

Question 9

Mead + gender roles (study)

Answer 9

(Norms and values / gender) Meads study ‘Papua New Guinea: Sex and Temperament’ found that their gender roles had been entirely switched. Females were more assertive and dominant, the ‘breadwinners of the family’, and males were more submissive and played the ‘expressive role’.

Question 10

Christopher Jencks (sociologist)

Answer 10

(Culture) He defines culture as ‘the whole way of life of a society’.

Question 11

Hybridity (examples)

Answer 11

Music such as: Reggaeton, rock and roll, drum and bass, grime, and heavy metal.
Globalization of food: tika masala, fast food chains
Ethnicity: interracial people.

Question 12

Bourdieau (sociologist)

Answer 12

(High culture) He believed that cultural capital played an important part in your lifestyle. The more capital you have the more powerful you are.

Question 13

What do Marxists argue about high and low culture (theory)

Answer 13

(Culture) The distinction is a way to keep the proletariat in their place.

Question 14

What do postmodernists argue about high/low culture? (theory)

Answer 14

(culture) no one cultural pursuit is more valuable then the other.

Question 15

What are some examples of Primary socialization? (Concept)

Answer 15

(Socialization) Family, social media, childhood friends, early education.

Question 16

What are some examples of Secondary socialization? (Concept)

Answer 16

(Socialization) Workplace, religion, higher education, social media.

Question 17

What is a feral child? (Concept)

Answer 17

(Feral children + socialization) A child that has not been socializes adequately. They live apart from society due to not becoming integrated.

Question 18

Oxana Maylala (Study)

Answer 18

(Feral children) She was abandoned as a child and raised by dogs in a dog kennel. Through this, she developed dog-like characteristics such as walking on all fours, barking, eating with her tongue, and not having a concept of self (Cooley’s looking glass). “She was more like a little dog then a human child” - Director of the institute that gave her therapy and attempted to re socialize her.

Question 19

Genie Wiley (study)

Answer 19

(Feral children) She was abused by her parents as a kid and refused contact with the outside world - even her parents refused to speak to her. Due to this, she did not know how to use language and her brain hadn’t fully developed.

Question 20

How do feral children link to socialization + the nature / nurture argument?

Answer 20

Feral children demonstrate that children are born with latent potential to be different from animals, however it is only when they are exposed to socialization do they become human or a part of society.

Question 21

John Bowlby (Sociologist)

Answer 21

(Socialization / feral children) He argues that children must develop a stable ongoing relationships with at least one adult caregiver in order to form a basis for successful development. Children who suffer from maternal deprivation can become inadiquetly socialized and therefore not a part of society.

Question 22

Maternal deprivation (concept)

Answer 22

(Age, socialization, feral children) The idea (coined by John Bowlby) that argues that if a child is separated from their female caregiver it can affect their child development.

Question 23

What do feminist believe about gender stereotyping? (Theory)

Answer 23

(Gender) They believe that while some girls may ‘chose’ to like pink, the truth is that they actually have no choice about it because they’ve been socialized into believing that they must like it.

Question 24

What does Ann Oakley argue about sex and gender? (Sociologist)

Answer 24

(Gender) She argues that sex is separate from gender identity. Your ‘sex’ is what you were biologically assigned at birth, however gender is a social construct in which we label people under ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’ based on our sex. This then means that we are socialized a particular way to conform into the given label.

Question 25

How are young girls socialized according to Ann Oakley? (Concepts)

Answer 25

(Gender)
1. Canalisation (channeled into gender roles through the toys we are given, eg. girls are given barbies and boys are given trucks).
2. Verbal appellation (girls being given nicknames such as ‘princess’ and ‘darling’, and males being given nicknames such as ‘mate’).
3. Differential activities (boys are signed up for sports such as football and rugby whereas girls do ballet etc.)

Question 26

Skelton and Francis (study)

Answer 26

(Gender / socialization) They looked at peer groups in primary schools and found that play was very gendered. Boys tended to dominate the space and girls took part in separate activities such as skipping.

Question 27

Sue Lees (study)

Answer 27

(Gender / socialization) She looked at peer pressure that is faced by girls and noticed how double standards for girls and boys sexual behaviors were not equal. Boys tended to be praised for their sexual conquests, however girls were controlled and called a ‘slag’.

Question 28

Judith Harris (study)

Answer 28

(Gender / socialization) Looked at the influence of parents and peer groups and concluded that the peer group is more influential in shaping someone’s identity then family.

Question 29

What are some examples of formal social control? (Examples)

Answer 29

(Social control) The police, the law, teachers, sanctions.

Question 30

What are some examples of informal social control? (Examples)

Answer 30

(Social control) Peer pressure, norms and values, humiliation.

Question 31

Marsha Amini + Iran protests (example)

Answer 31

(Formal social control) Protests have been taking place because of Marsha Amini death, in which she was beaten to death due to her being caught without her hijab on by the Israeli government enforcing formal social control.

Question 32

What is Talcott Parsons view on social control? (Sociologist)

Answer 32

(Social control / socialization) He believes that conformity does not happen by the external agencies forcing people to obey the law, but by the threat of punishment as well as the internalizing of particular norms and values through socialization.

Question 33

What does Travis Hirschi, neo-functionalist, believe about social control? (Sociologist)

Answer 33

(Social control) Juvenile delinquency was the result of an individual’s bonds with society being weakened. His theory emphasized the importance of ties to to family, peers, and other social institutions such as education and work to maintain social control.

Question 34

What do Marxists believe about social control? (Theory)

Answer 34

(Social control) It is a way to control the bourgeoise in order to maintain the capitalist system.

Question 35

What do feminists believe about social control? (Theory)

Answer 35

(Social control) They believe that it seeks to keep women in their place through the patriarchy.

Question 36

What are examples of primary socialization?

Answer 36

Family,