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micro 410 exam 3 > 20: Immunology > Flashcards

20: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

pathogen that only causes disease in at risk individuals

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2
Q

What are some features of the innate immune system?

A

genetically encoded, present at birth
physical barrier to infection (skin and mucous membrane)
specialized cellular defenders
nonspecific response to destroy invading cells(indescrimininently)

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3
Q

What are some features of the adaptive immune system?

A

adaptive through organisms life
specialized cellular defenders
specific antigen rxn

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4
Q

What is an antigen?

A

any chemical compound or structure foreign to the body that elicits immune response

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of physical barriers?

A

exposed to the external environment
colonized with microbes
invasion barrier

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6
Q

What is a prime example of a physical barrier?

A

mucus membranes exposed to the environment with tight junctions

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7
Q

What is the physical defense system of the skin?

A

Sheds dead skin cells and regenerates epithelial cells

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8
Q

What are the chemical defense systems of the skin?

A

acidic, dry, salty, can lyse bacterial cells
salt can increase osmotic stress
sebum and keratin
antimicrobial peptides

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9
Q

What is sebum?

A

Oil secreted by the skin that lowers the pH to target acid sensitive organisms

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10
Q

What is keratin?

A

material that repels water and decreases H2O availability

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11
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides(defensins)?

A

small, antimicrobial cationic peptides that are hydrophobic and attract negative charge to create pores

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12
Q

What are the two classes of defensins?

A

alpha defensins: stored in cytoplasmic granules
beta defensins: not stored on granules, released on skin

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13
Q

What is the mucous membrane?

A

A single layer of cells that has tight junctions that act as a physical barrier between cells. Membranes are covered in secretion and have movement systems in place

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14
Q

What are some chemical defenses ?

A

acidic, nutrient deprived, lyses cells,
stomach acid, antimicrobial peptide, lysozyme

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15
Q

What is lactoferrin?

A

Chemical defense that sequesters iron by binding iron tightly to prevent bacteria from taking it up. If no iron present, bacteria are forced to ferment which limits bacteria

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16
Q

What is the respiratory epithelium?

A

cilia that push mucus out of lungs into throat

17
Q

What are the interior defenses of the cell?

A

MAMPS,PRR,TLR, NLR

18
Q

What are MAMPS?

A

membrane associate molecular patterns that mark a microbe as foreign.
Attached to techie acids, LPS, PG, flagellum. F-met peptides

19
Q

What are TLRs?

A

Type of PRR, toll like receptors are located on the cell surface and can bind flagella, technic acids, flagellin, LPS to signal cytokine synthesis

20
Q

What are NLRs?

A

Type of PRR in the cytosol of a cell, recognize intracellular pathogens, bind MAMP, trigger cytokine and inflammasome synthesis

21
Q

What is a PRR?

A

a pattern recognition receptor is an alarm system that is activated when intruders sensed
sense MAMPS

22
Q

What is a cytokine?

A

triggered by a PRR, they are the alarm that recruit phagocytes to the infection site to activate phagocytes.

23
Q

What are the main types of phagocytes?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, phagolysozomes

24
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

a monocyte that is present in the body and always ready. Can phagocytose the cell

25
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

short lived, and only recruited to wound site
contain granules with defensin, protease and lactoferrin
engulf microbe by phagocytosis

26
Q

What is NETosis

A

neutrophil spews neutrophil lactic work to trap and kill microbes in intermediate area with antimicrobial peptides
after infection

27
Q

What is a phagolysozome?

A

has ROS that kill bacteria
filled with digestive enzymes (protease, lysozyme, defensin)
generate RS that kill organism

28
Q

What are the innate origins?

A

CGAS PRR and STING

micro 410 exam 3 (9 decks)

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