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211: Cell Biology > 20. Cell interactions In neural development > Flashcards

20. Cell interactions In neural development Flashcards

1
Q

briefly describe the process of neurulation

A

dorsal most-ectoderm thickens and evaginates

neural folds fuse creating neural tube

notochord under the tube made of underlying mesoderm

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2
Q

what is the purpose of lateral inhibition

A

once one cell adopts a fate - it sends signals to prevent other cells from doing the same

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3
Q

what is the purpose of Notch in drosophila

A

inhibits the neural fate in the neurectoderm

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4
Q

describe the different notch mutants in drosophila

  • normal notch
  • too much notch
  • not enough notch
A
  • normal notch = wild-type
  • too much notch = missing bristles
  • not enough notch = extra bristles
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5
Q

what is SOP

A

sensory organ precursor

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6
Q

what happens once a SOP is specified

what does this require?

A

adjacent imaginal disc cells and laterally inhibited from doing the same

requires notch

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7
Q

describe the process of notch signalling

A

notch binds its receptor via epidermal growth factor repeats

notch conformational change = cleaves the intracellular domain

translocates to the nucleus and binds to CSL family proteins
= target gene transcription

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8
Q

what binds to the notch receptor

A

DSL proteins

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9
Q

what do DSL stand for

A

delta/ serrate/ lag2

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10
Q

describe DSL proteins

A

large membrane proteins
many EGF repeats
involved in lateral inhibitoon

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11
Q

what is a proneural cluster

A

a cluster of cells that all have the potential to form a SOP = only one SOP per cluster

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12
Q

what 3 proteins do all pro neural cluster cells express

A

acheate-scute proteins
delta
notch

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13
Q

describe the positive feedback loop of acheate scute

A

acheate-scute over expression = expression of delta

notch binds on neighbour = activates split proteins that repress acheate-scute expression on neighbouring cells

ALLOWS ONE CELL TO OVEREXPRESS ACHEATE-SCUTE = commits it to SOP future

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14
Q

where are pro neural clusters found

A

in the imaginal disc

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15
Q

what happens once committed as an SOP

A

asymmetrical divisions = forms a shaft, socket, neuron or sheath

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16
Q

how do neurons outgrow

A

cell body sends out axonal processes - direction is determined by actin polymerisation/ depolymerisation

17
Q

what is the purpose of the growth cone

A

dynamic structure at the end of the axon

able to migrate towards target tissue via chemotaxis

18
Q

describe the structure of the growth cone

A

contains filopodia - these are fingers that drive movement via actin polymerisation/ depolymerisation

19
Q

how do growth cones move

A

via chemotaxis

20
Q

what molecule is involved in chemoattraction

A

netrins

21
Q

what molecule is involved in chemorepulsion

A

semaphorins

22
Q

describe an example of chemoattraction

A

commissural neurons axons migrate ventrally through the floor plate

they are attracted to the floor plate which produces netrin 1

23
Q

name 2 netrin receptors

A

Unc-40

Unc-5

24
Q

what is the main differences between Unc-40 and Unc-5

A

Unc-40 binds directly and strongly to netrin

Unc-5 does not bind directly

25
Q

what is the effect of Unc-5 on Unc-40

A

modifies the response of Unc-40

26
Q

what does expression of Unc-5 cause in retinal neurons

A

causes retinal neurons to move away from netrin

27
Q

what happens once the neuron has crossed the floor plate

A

it stops responding to netrin and changes chemotactic behaviour

28
Q

what happens when the axon reaches a target neuromuscular junction

A

it branches and swells to form axon terminals. these terminals mature to contain vesicles with neurotransmitters inside

29
Q

what is the effect of agrin at neuromuscular junction

A

causes clustering of acetylcholine receptors

30
Q

what releases agrin

A

axon terminals on motor neurons

31
Q

one molecule of agrin can aggregate how many acetylcholine receptors

A

200

32
Q

what is MUSK

A

a muscle specific tyrosine kinase

33
Q

what does agrin bind to

A

LRP4/Musk

34
Q

what happens once agrin binds to LRP4/Musk

A

activates raspyn by action of Rho/Rac

raspyn binds to Ach receptors causing aggregation

35
Q

what is the function of Aria

A

binds to ErbB and activates expression of acetylcholine receptor genes in adjacent cells

211: Cell Biology (20 decks)

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