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OrganHisto Exam 1 > 2. Vinny Lahey > Flashcards

2. Vinny Lahey Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 general functions of connective tissue?

A

provide structural support
provide medium for exchange
defense/protection
storage of adipose

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2
Q

What are the 3 important characteristics of connective tissue?

A

derived from mesenchyme
support cells separated/produce matrix
cells adhere to matrix

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3
Q

Extra cellular matrix is also known as what?

A

ground substance

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4
Q

Extra cellular matrix is made of what what 3 things?

A
  • GAG’s (mucopolysaccharides)
  • Proteoglycans
  • Adhesive Glycoproteins
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5
Q

GAG’s (mucopolysaccharides) are hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

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6
Q

“Protein core with many sulfated GAG’s attached” describes what component of ground substance?

A

Proteoglycans

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7
Q

Laminin and fibronectin are associated with what component of ground substance?

A

adhesive glycoproteins

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8
Q

INCREASED fluids and defense cells is a positive aspect of what process?

A

inflammation

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9
Q

Excessive swelling can damage blood vessels, nerves, and cells is a negative aspect of what process?

A

inflammation

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10
Q

Whats the most common type of collagen? What is it known for?

A

Type 1; great tensile strength

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11
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is a pathology associated with improper production of what?

A

type 1 collagen

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12
Q

When does college 1 fiber production slow and fibers become weaker?

A

as we age

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13
Q

Deficiency of what leads to rapid breakdown, and potentially scurvy?

A

vitamin C

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14
Q

What type of fiber is composed of elastin/microfibrils, stretch 150%, important in blood veseels/lungs,and are produced by fibroblasts/smooth muscle cells?

A

elastic

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15
Q

What happens to elastic fibers in elastic cartilage when we age?

A

decrease in number

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16
Q

Although few pathologies are associated with elastic cartilage, what is one that is well known?

A

Marfan syndrome

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17
Q

What type of fiber is the same as collagen 3, common in liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes, is easy to produce, and last 3 days?

A

reticular

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18
Q

What affect does aging have on reticular fibers?

A

none

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19
Q

What fibers are the first to be produced during wound healing?

A

reticular

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20
Q

What cells in CT are derived from mesenchyme, *very important in ordinary CT, and may divide during *initial wound healing/growth factors?

A

fibroblasts

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21
Q

Fibroblasts produce CT/maintain matrix (fibers/ground substance) giving them what?

A

structure

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22
Q

Fibroblasts produce growth factors (scar formation) giving them the ability to do what?

A

heal

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23
Q

Fibroblasts produce cytokines/enzymes (can phagocytize) making them what?

A

defensive

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24
Q

What cells in CT are mature, less active than fibroblast, appears flat, and long lived with *low energy and oxygen requirements (low blood supply)?

A

fibrocytes

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25
Q

What is the function of fibrocytes?

A

maintain structure, CAN’T heal

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26
Q

What do fibrocytes produce?

A

hyaluronic acid, ground substance, reticular fibers

27
Q

What type of cells possess features of fibroblasts but for smooth muscle cells?

A

myofibroblasts

28
Q

What are the functions of myofibroblasts?

A

wound healing, tooth eruption

29
Q

Do adipocytes AKA lipocytes divide?

30
Q

What are the 2 main functions of adipocytes? What hormone does it produce?

A

lipid storage and regulates energy metabolism

*produces Leptin = satiety hormone

31
Q

What cells are found in CT and lymphatic tissue/B lymphocytes, not found in blood, and have large cells with spherical “clock face” nucleus?

A

plasma cells

32
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

produce immunoglobulins/antibodies

33
Q

What are large cells, kidney shaped nucleus, and contain residual bodies in their cytoplasm?

A

Macrophages (Histiocytes)

34
Q

What are some function of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis, APC (antigen presenting cell), create foreign body giant cells, cytokines

35
Q

What cells are derived form bone marrow?

A

mast cells

36
Q

Histamine, heparin, eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and leukotrienes are produced by what cells?

A

Mast cells

37
Q

What cells are activated by direct cell trauma, phagocytosis, or IgE-allergen complex?

A

Mast cells

38
Q

Adult stem cells that can change into other cell types describe what type of cells?

A

mesenchyme cells

39
Q

What type of cells are derived from mesenchyme that make reticular fibers?

A

reticular cells

40
Q

What are 4 mast cell mediated events?

A
  1. Basic inflammatory reaction
  2. Immediate Hypersensitivity Response
  3. Anaphylaxis
  4. Asthma
41
Q 
Stimulus = phagocytosis, trauma (dead cells/broken fibers)
Reaction = histamine reacts first, heparin and ECF react last (counteract)

This describes which mast cell mediated event?

A

Basic inflammatory reaction (cut to the skin)

42
Q 
Stimulus = IgE/allergen complex
Reaction = local inflammatory response at site of contact

This describes which mast cell mediated event?

A

Immediate Hypersensitivity Response (simple allergy)

43
Q

Stimulus = MASSIVE IgE production (severe allergic reaction)
Reaction = SYSTEMIC inflammatory response
Anaphylactic shock = circulatory shock leads to cardiovascular collapse (caused by extensive internal bleeding)

This describes which mast cell mediated event?

A

Anaphylaxis (general process)

44
Q

The release of Leukotrienes cause inflammation of lungs describe what mast cell mediated event?

45
Q

What type of asthma typically occurs in childhood and is due to allergens in the air?

A

extrinsic asthma

46
Q

What type of asthma typically affected adults and may follow respiratory illness

A

intrinsic asthma

47
Q

What leukocyte becomes macrophages in CT?

48
Q

What leukocyte is a phagocyte and is attracted to acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

49
Q

What leukocyte fights parasites and is attracted to allergic inflammation?

A

Eosinophils

50
Q

What leukocyte is similar to MAST cells and initiate/maintain/influence inflammation?

51
Q

What leukocyte has humoral AND cell-mediated immunities, and is attracted to chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes

52
Q

Larger number of cells/types, fewer fibers, increased amounts of ground substance, vascular. This describes what type of CT?

53
Q

*Where is loose areolar CT found?

A

greater/lesser omentum (“filler” CT around blood vessels)

54
Q

*Where is loose irregular CT found?

A

dermis, papillary layer, beneath organs

55
Q

Fewer number of cells/types, many fibers, decreased ground substance, less vascular. This describes what type of CT?

56
Q

*Where is dense regular CT found?

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

57
Q

*Where is dense irregular CT found?

A

dermis/reticular layer, nerve sheaths, organs capsules

58
Q

Reticular cell/fibers, provides support in highly cellular areas/organs. This describes what type of CT?

A

reticular CT

59
Q

*Where is reticular CT found?

A

lymphatic/endocrine organs

60
Q

lipocyte aka fat cell, vascular, contains loose areolar CT, This describes what type of CT?

61
Q

large cells *(uninuclear), store energy, protection, obesity . This describes what type of adipose?

A

white adipose

62
Q

smaller cells *(multinuclear), found in newborns, function in thermogenesis. This describes what type of adipose?

A

brown adipose

63
Q

increase number of *cell types and an increase in *vascularity leads to an increase in what?

A

healing potential

64
Q

What are 3 specialized CT types?

A

cartilage, bone, and blood

OrganHisto Exam 1 (3 decks)

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