2 - Types Of Long-Term Memory Flashcards
Who proposed that the LTM was made up of 3 stores? When?
Tulving (1985)
What did Tulving think about the MSM?
Too simplistic
What are the three types of LTM?
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
- Procedural memory
What is episodic memory?
A LTM store of personal events (episodes) from our lives
Likened to a diary
E.g. memory of a school trip
What is an episodic memory made up of?
- Time stamp
- Several elements regarding what happened (people, places, etc)
Where is episodic memory located?
Hippocampus
What is semantic memory?
A LTM store of our knowledge of the world
Likened to an encyclopaedia/dictionary
E.g. memory of what a word means
What is a semantic memory made up of?
- Non-time stamped info
- Less personal
- Ever growing
Where is semantic memory located?
Temporal lobe
What is procedural memory?
A LTM store of how to complete actions/skills
E.g. memory of how to walk
Which LTM memory store contains info that may be hard to explain?
Procedural memory
What is a procedural memory made up of?
- Unconscious skills
- May find hard to explain
Where is the procedural memory located?
Cerebellum + motor cortex
Which LTM stores are consciously/unconsciously recalled?
Consciously recalled: Episodic + Semantic
Unconsciously recalled: Procedural
Which type of LTM tends to be taught?
Semantic
What type of neuroimaging did Tulving do in 1994 to support his 3-part LTM model?
PET scans
Give 3 positive evaluation points for the 3-part LTM model
Research support from case studies
- HM + Clive Wearing
- Support existence of multiple types of long term memory, as one type remained functioning whilst other didn’t
Brain scans (neuroimaging)
- Tulving et al (1994)
- Ppts PET scanned whilst performing different memory tasks
- Different areas of brain active when using different types of LTM
- Episodic = right prefrontal cortex (specifically hippocampus)
- Semantic = left prefrontal cortex (specifically temporal lobe)
Real life applications
- Belleville et al (2006)
- Able to train older people to improve episodic memory
- Successful compared to a control group
- LTM types can be beneficial by application in specific treatments
Give 2 negative evaluation points for the 3-part LTM model
Issues with research support from case studies
- One-off case studies may not be generalisable
- Individual differences may confound findings
- May not represent how every LTM functions
Alternative explanation - 2 type LTM
- Cohen + Squire (1980)
- DECLARATIVE MEMORY (consciously recalled memories: episodic + semantic)
- NON-DECLARATIVE MEMORY (unconsciously recalled memories: procedural)
