1 - Multi-Store Model Flashcards
Who proposed the Multi-Store-Model?
Atkinson + Shiffrin
When was the Multi-Store-Model proposed?
1968
Define the Multi-Store Model
Representation of how memory works in terms of three stores: sensory register, STM and LTM, including how info is stored, transferred, remembered and forgotten
Describe how info is transferred through the Multi-Store Model
- Info (stimuli) reach SR through receptor cells of the 5 senses.
- Most info forgotten, some passed to STM if we pay attention.
- STM is limited, but if info rehearsed, it is consolidated and transferred to LTM.
- LTM is full of unlimited, lifetime info that can be recalled into STM by retrieval (to remember it).
- At any point, info can leave the model via forgetting.
Give 2 positive evaluation points for the Multi-Store Model
Research support for being diff types of stores
- Studies demonstrate diff properties of diff stores studies (e.g. Baddeley 1966 - types of coding in STM + LTM )
Case study support for being diff types of stores
- Studies demonstrate diff properties of diff stores (HM) and importance of moving through linearly to form memories (Clive Wearing)
Give 2 negative evaluation points for the Multi-Store Model
- Simplifies STM (case of Shallice and Warrington’s K.F suggests it isn’t unitary as suggested)
- Simplifies LTM (Tulving, 1985, suggested 3 types not unitary, backed up by brain scans)
Who is patient HM and what does his case study support?
- Amnesia patient, part of hippocampus removed to relieve epilepsy.
- Supports THEORY OF 3 SEPARATE STORES IN MSM
In 1955 had impaired LTM (thought it was ‘53) but functioning STM (could remember string of digits). - Supports THEORY OF 3 TYPES OF LTM
Impaired episodic (couldn’t remember stroking dog an hr ago), functioning semantic (what dog was) and procedural (shoelaces)
Who is patient Clive Wearing and what does his case study support?
- Amnesia from viral infection
- Supports THEORY OF SEQUENTIAL + SEPARATE STM AND LTM IN MSM
Couldn’t form any new LTMs, but had functioning STM so transfer was damaged, cutting off sequence between stores - Supports THEORY OF 3 TYPES OF LTM
Destroyed episodic, partially intact semantic (remembered certain people), intact procedural (play piano)
Who was Shallice + Warrington’s Patient K.F and what does his case study support?
- Amnesia after motorbike accident
- Supports STM NOT BEING UNITARY IN THE WMM (REFUTES MSM THEORY OF UNITARY STORE)
Functioning visuo-spatial sketch pad (process and recall visual info) but damaged phonological loop (couldn’t process and recall acoustic info)
What is the coding in the Sensory Register? Give a study to support
Sensory specific.
Main are: ICONIC (visual info stored visually), ECHOIC (auditory info stored acoustically)
Crowder (1993)
- Found info stayed in iconic for few millisecs + echoic for few secs
- Concluded the info must be stored separately
What is the capacity in the Sensory Register? Give a study to support
Very high, millions of receptors
Sperling (1960)
- Flashed ppts 3x4 grid
- Ppts able to recall a lot of info - up to 75%
What is the duration in the Sensory Register? Give a study to support
Brief - less than 1/2 sec
Triesman (1964)
- Played audio in each ear with interval between
- Ppts able to mainly correctly identify if they were the same, up to 2 sec interval
What is the capacity in the Short Term Memory? Give a study to support
Limited, 5-9 chunks of info
Jacobs (1887)
- Measured digit span (9.3) and letter span (7.3) of 443 female students. - Concluded STM capacity was limited to <10 items.
Miller (1956)
- Similar work to Jacobs, and observed many things in sevens.
- Suggested ‘magic number 7’ - 7 chunks in STM plus or minus 2.
- Criticised (Cowan 2001, for overestimating no. Of chunks)
What is the coding in the Short Term Memory? Give a study to support
Mainly acoustic (sound)
Baddeley (1966)
- Independent groups of 4 conditions: acoustically similar/dissimilar and semantically similar/dissimilar
- Struggled with acoustically similar for immediate STM recall (PHONOLOGICAL SIMILARITY EFFECT)
What is the duration in the Short Term Memory? Give a study to support
Brief (18-30 secs)
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
- 24 psych students in lab had to recall diff trigrams at diff intervals between 3 and 18 secs
- Rehearsal prevented by counting back
- Longer interval, less accurate recall. 3 secs=80%. 18 secs=10%.
