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Biology > 2 Systematics > Flashcards

2 Systematics Flashcards

1
Q
  • Pioneered by Carolus Linneaus
  • Branch of Biology concerned with identifying, naming and classifying species
  • Each kind of organism is named by a uniformly adopted system that best
    expresses the degree of similarity of organisms
A

Taxonomy

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2
Q

what is the binary system that taxonomy follows?

A

genus + species

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3
Q

Taxonomical Hierarchy follows a _______ System

A

Linnean System

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4
Q
  • Study of biological diversity and its classification
  • Pioneered by Charles Darwin
  • Employs taxonomy and evolutionary biology to arrange organisms in categories
    that reflect PHYLOGENY
A

Systematics

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5
Q

evolutionary history of a SPECIES or a group of species.

A

Phylogeny

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6
Q

What are the 5 Kingdom Scheme? (proposed by R.H Whittaker in 1969)

A

Plantae, fungi, animalia, protista, and monera.

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7
Q

What are the 3 Domain Scheme?

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

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8
Q
  • Prokaryotic organisms
  • Divided into bacteria and archaea
  • With thick cell wall
  • Reproduction primarily by binary fission
  • May be heterotrophs or autotrophs
A

Kingdom Monera

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9
Q

Mode of Nutrition in Monerans:

  • Photosynthetic; use solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to organic
    compounds
A

Photoautotrophs

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10
Q

Mode of Nutrition in Monerans:

  • Chemosynthetic; oxidize inorganic compounds to reduce CO2 to an
    organic compound
A

Chemoautotrophs

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11
Q

Mode of Nutrition in Monerans:

  • Take in organic nutrients
A

Chemoheterotrophs

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12
Q
  • Photosynthetic bacteria
  • Also known as blue-green algae
  • Believed to be responsible for introducing oxygen in the primitive
    atmosphere
A

Division Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria)

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13
Q

Forms of Bacteria

A
  • Spirillum – cork screw shaped
  • Bacillus – rod shaped
  • Coccus – sherical
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14
Q
  • Prokaryotes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than prokaryotes
  • Live in harsh conditions
A

Archaea

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15
Q

Archaea that live in anaerobic marshes

A

METHANOGENS

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16
Q

Archaea that live in salty lakes

A

HALOPHILES

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17
Q

Archaea that live in hot sulfuric springs

A

THERMOACIDOPHILES

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18
Q

Morphology:
* Most unicellular; ALL are eukaryotes
* Many with amazingly high level of structural and functional complexity.
Life cycles:
* Asexual reproduction common
* Sexual reproduction may occur when conditions deteriorate
* Some life cycles simple, many extremely complex
- Complexity and diversity of protists make them difficult to classify
- Could be split into as many as a dozen kingdoms
- Mode of nutrition could either be autotrophic or heterotrophic

A

Kingdom Protista

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19
Q

The Photosynthetic Protists:

  • Green algae
  • Chlorohyll a and b
  • Stored food: true starch
  • E.g. Ulva, Volvox
A

Chlorophyta

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20
Q

The Photosynthetic Protists:

  • Red algae
  • Chlorohyll a and phycoerhythrin
  • Stored food: rhodophycean starch
  • Source of agar and carageenan
A

Rhodophyta

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21
Q

The Photosynthetic Protists:
* Brown algae
* Chlorohyll a and c, fucoxanthin
* Stored food: laminarin, mannitol
* e.g. Laminaria, Macrocysti

A

Phaeophyta

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22
Q

The Photosynthetic Protists:

  • With chlorophylls a and c
  • Have unique glasslike walls made of silica
  • Stored food: chrysolaminarin
  • Cell walls used as metal polishers
A

Bacilliariophyta (Diatoms)

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23
Q

The Photosynthetic Protists:

  • With chlorophylls a and c
  • Cell bounded by cellulose plates with silicates
  • With 2 flagella
  • May cause red tide during sudden growth called algal bloom
A

Dinoflagellata

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24
Q

The Photosynthetic Protists:

  • With chlorophylls a and b
  • No cell wall
  • Stored food: paramylon, fats, cyclic phosphatases
  • With 1 long flagellum and 1 short flagellum
A

Euglenophyta

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25
Q

The Heterotrophic Protists:

  • Locomotion by cilia
  • With macronucleus and micronucleus
  • E.g. Paramecium, Vorticella
A

Ciliates

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26
Q

The Heterotrophic Protists:

  • Locomotion by pseudopodia
  • E.g. Amoeba, Foraminiferans, Radiolarians, Gromia
A

Sarcodines

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27
Q

The Heterotrophic Protists:

  • No locomotory organelle
  • Parasites
  • E.g. Gregarina, Plasmodium
A

Apicomplexans

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28
Q

The Heterotrophic Protists:

  • Multicellular
  • No cell wall
  • With amoeboid stage and a fungal mold stage.
A

Myxomycetes/Slime Molds

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29
Q

The Heterotrophic Protists:

  • Multicellular
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
A

Oomycetes/Water Molds

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30
Q

The Heterotrophic Protists:

  • Locomotion by flagella
A

Zoomastigophorans

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31
Q
  1. Trichomonas
  2. Giardia
  3. Trypanosoma
A

Parasitic

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32
Q

Bodo is ______.

A

Free-living

33
Q
  • Heterotrophs that ABSORB their food
  • Cell wall made of chitin
  • Decomposers; major component of nutrient cycling in ecosystems
A

Kingdom Fungi

34
Q

Kinds of Fungi:

  • Aquatic
  • Most primitive fungi with
    flagellated spores
A

Chytrids

35
Q

Kinds of Fungi:

  • Terrestrial fungi
  • Hyphae are non-septate or with no cross walls between cells
  • E.g. Rhizopus (bread mold)
A

Zygomycetes

36
Q

Kinds of Fungi:

  • Terrestrial fungi
  • Hyphae are septate
  • Unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (cup fungi, morels)
  • Spores are stored in sac-like structures called asci (Sing. ascus)
A

Ascomycetes

37
Q

Kinds of Fungi:

  • Terrestrial fungi
  • Hyphae are septate
  • multicellular
  • Spores are born on top of club-like structures called basidia (Sing. basidium)
A

Basidiomycetes

38
Q
  • Multicellular photosynthetic organisms
  • Mostly terrestrial
  • With chlorophylls a and b
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
  • Absence of flagellated spores
A

Kingdom Plantae

39
Q
  • Non-vascular plants without water-conducting tubes
  • Dominant stage is the gametophyte
  • E.g. liverwort, hornwort, moss
A

Non-vascular plants

40
Q

Vascular Plant Type:

  • Vascular plants that produce spores instead of seeds
  • E.g. club moss, horsetail, ferns
A

Pteridophytes

41
Q

Vascular Plant Type:

  • Vascular plants that produce naked seeds
A

Gymnosperms

42
Q
  • consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a
    food supply within a protective coat
A

Seed

43
Q

Vascular Plant Type:

  • Vascular plants that produce seeds covered in ovaries
  • With flowers as reproductive structures
  • Presence of fruits -> mature ovaries
  • Protect seeds and aid in dispersal
A

Angiosperms

44
Q

Types of Fruits:

– derived from a single ovary

A

Simple

45
Q

Types of Fruits:

– derived from several ovaries of a flower

A

Aggregate

46
Q

Types of Fruits:

– derived from several ovaries of several flowers

A

Multiple

47
Q

Angiosperms can be divided into the ______ and ______.

A

Monocots (one cotyledon) and Dicots (two cotyledons)

48
Q
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular with cells organized into tissues
  • Heterotrophic
  • Lack cell walls
  • Ingest food and digest internally
  • Diploid except for gametes
  • Motile
  • With different types of symmetry
A

Kingdom Animalia

49
Q

Classes Under Kingdom Animalia:

  • No true tissues, organs
  • Asymmetrical
  • All are aquatic/ marine
  • Pore-bearing animals
A

Porifera/Sponges

50
Q

Types of Pores:

  1. ______ - where water comes in and goes to the ______ or body cavity.
  2. ______ - water outlet.
A

Ostium, spongocoel, osculum

51
Q

Classes Under Kingdom Animalia:
* DIPLOBLASTIC – with only 2 layers of tissues (ectoderm, endoderm)
* Symmetry - radial
* Mostly marine with a few freshwater species
* Main cavity is the GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY (GVC)
* Digestive system – incomplete (no anus)
* E.g. sea anemone, sea feather, soft coral, hard coral, jellyfish

A

Cnidarians

52
Q

Cnidarians possess specialized stinging cells called _______ bearing organelles called _______ which can contain toxins to kill or immobilize prey

A

CNIDOCYTES, NEMATOCYSTS

53
Q

Most jellyfish sting are not deadly, although some may cause _____________ (severe allergic reaction).

A

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

54
Q

Things to do and not do when stung by a jellyfish.

A
  • Get out of water to avoid drowning
  • Carefully remove remaining tentacles to prevent further discharge of nematocysts into the skin
  • Apply vinegar or 3-10% acetic acid to disable cnidocytes that have not yet released their nematocysts.
  • Do NOT use urine as it will only promote discharge of the
    nematocysts
55
Q

Medication for jellyfish stung to lessen skin irritation.

A

ANTIHISTAMINES and DIPHENHYDRAMINE

56
Q
  • Body flattened dorsoventrally
  • TRIPLOBLASTIC – with 3 layers of tissues
  • ECTODERM
  • ENDODERM
  • MESODERM
  • Symmetry – bilateral
  • CEPHALIZATION – centralization of the sense organs
  • ACOELOMATE – no body cavity except in the gut
  • E.g. planaria, blood fluke, tapeworm, liver fluke
A

Platyhelminthes/Flatworms

57
Q
  • Also known as roundworms (free-living and parasitic)
  • Body unsegmented and tapering at both ends
  • Presence of a body cavity called the PSEUDOCOELOM and is NOT lined by the mesoderm
  • Pseudocoelom is used as a hydrostatic skeleton; it also paved the way for the
    development of internal organs
  • Digestive system – complete (with mouth & anus)
  • Epidermis secretes a multi-layered CUTICLE made up of collagen that
    serves as protection against desiccation or digestive juices of the host
  • E.g. Trichina worm, whip worm, Ascaris
A

Nematodes

58
Q
  • Segmented worms
  • Aquatic (marine) or terrestrial
  • Exhibits true METAMERISM – repetition of parts
  • Coelom used as a hydrostatic skeleton
  • With a true COELOM or body cavity lined by mesoderm
  • E.g. Polychaete, earthworm, leech
A

Annelids

59
Q
  • Soft-bodied animals
  • Aquatic or terrestrial
  • With true coelom
  • Hallmarks of molluscs:
  • MANTLE – outgrowth of body surface that
    drapes over the animal; secretes
  • the shell in many molluscs
  • MUSCULAR FOOT – used for locomotion
  • RADULA – rasping organ used to scrape food
  • E.g. golden apple snail, chiton, garden slug, elephant tusk shell, mussel,
    nautilus, squid, scallop, octopus
A

Molluscs

60
Q
  • Probably the most extensive phylum
  • With true body cavity
  • TAGMATIZATION – fusion of body segments to form
    major body regions: HEAD,
    THORAX and ABDOMEN
  • Have jointed appendages
  • Circulatory system – open
  • Exoskeleton made of CHITIN
  • E.g. spider, scorpion, tick, horseshoe crab, millipede, centipede, lobster, crab,
    shrimp, barnacle, insects
A

Arthropods

61
Q
  • Exclusively marine
  • With coelom
  • Has radial PENTAMEROUS symmetry, which can be divided into 5
    equal parts
  • Larval stage bilateral; radial symmetry in adults is secondarily acquired
  • No distinct head region ® no cephalization
  • Circulatory system – OPEN
  • E.g. sea biscuit, sea star, sea cucumber, brittle star, feather star, sea
    urchin
A

Echinoderms

62
Q
  • With body cavity
  • Hallmarks of chordates:
  • NOTOCHORD for axial support at some point in the life cycle
  • Presence of PHARYNGEAL SLITS/ POUCHES
  • DORSAL TUBULAR NERVE CORD
  • POST ANAL TAIL
A

Chordates

63
Q
  • Sea squirts/ tunicates
  • Notochord and nerve cord found in the larval stage only
  • Sessile adults encased in a tunic
  • Presence of INCURRENT and EXCURRENT siphons in most
A

Urochordates

64
Q
  • Lancelet/ amphioxus
  • Notochord and nerve cord found along entire length of the body and
    persist throughout life
  • E.g. Brachiostoma
A

Cephalochordates

65
Q
  • Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
  • Vertebral column as the main axial support system
  • Notochord present mostly in the embryonic stage only
  • Presence of paired pharyngeal pouches that are modified into various
    structures in the adult
  • Presence of central singular heart ventral to the pharynx
A

Vertebrates

66
Q
  • Notochord still support body even after the larval stage
  • Vertebral column either absent or
    rudimentary
A

Jawless vertebrates (Agnathans)

67
Q
  • Produce slime when agitated
  • Mostly blind but with well-developed
    organs
  • Have four pairs of sensing tentacles
    arranged around the mouth and two
    pairs of tooth-like rasps on the top of a
    tongue-like projection
A

Hagfishes

68
Q
  • with a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth
  • are well known for those species which
    bore into the flesh of other fish to suck
    their blood, but these are a minority
  • 7 gills slits
  • NO paired lateral fins
A

Lampreys

69
Q
  • Cartilaginous fish (skeleton made of
    cartilage rather than bone
  • With paired lateral fins and nostrils
  • Minute scales
  • 5 – 7 gill slits with no operculum
A

Chondrichthyes

70
Q
  • Bony fish with endoskeleton ossified into bone
  • With paired, rounded or lobed fins that are similar to limbs
  • May have given rise to the limbed/ tetrapod vertebrates
  • E.g. lungfish, coelacanth
A

Sarcopterygii

71
Q
  • Bony, ray-finned fish
A

Actinopterygii

72
Q
  • Larval development takes place in an external aquatic environment
  • Tetrapods that produce eggs with no anmiotic fluid
  • Can respire through the skin
  • Generally spend part of their time on land
A

Amphibians

73
Q

Limbed Vertebrates/ Tetrapods:

  • With thick, keratinized skin
  • Embryos enclosed in eggs with
    amniotic membrane
  • POIKILOTHERMIC/
    cold-blooded
  • May be polyphyletic
A

Reptiles

74
Q
  • Also with amniotic fluid
  • HOMEOTHERMIC/ warm-blooded –
    can maintain body temperature
  • With feathers as epidermal outgrowths
  • With beaks
  • Keratinized skin on feet homologous to reptiles
A

Birds

75
Q

Limbed Vertebrates/ Tetrapods:

  • Also with amniotic fluid
  • HOMEOTHERMIC/ warm-blooded – can maintain body temperature
  • With hair or fur as epidermal outgrowths
  • With MAMMARY GLANDS (undeveloped in males)
  • In most, development of the embryo is completed within the reproductive
    system of the female
A

Mammals

76
Q

Types of Mammals:

  • Egg-laying mammals (monotremes)
  • E.g. echidnas, platypus
A

Prototherians

77
Q

Types of Mammals:

  • Sometimes placed under Subclass Theria together with the placental
    mammals
  • Pouch-bearing (marsupial) mammals
  • Development of the embryo is completed outside the
    reproductive system through the MARSUPIUM (pouch)
  • Females have two vaginas
  • Males have a two-pronged penis
  • Only found in South America (opossum) and Australia (other marsupials
    e.g. kangaroo, Tasmanian devil, koala)
A

Metatherians

78
Q

Types of Mammals:

  • Sometimes placed under Sublass Theria together with the
    marsupial mammals
  • Placental mammals
  • Development of the embryo is completed inside the reproductive
    system of the female
  • E.g. flying lemur, lion, stink badger, elephant, tamaraw, tarsier
A

Eutherians

Biology (10 decks)

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