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Dispensing > 2. Suspension > Flashcards

2. Suspension Flashcards

1
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A suspension is a pharmaceutical preparation containing at least one active ingredient suspended throughout the vehicle.

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2
Q

Define Suspension according to BP.

A

Oral liquids containing at one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. Suspended solids may slowly separate on standing but are easily re-dispersed.

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3
Q

What are the advantages of suspensions?

A
  1. Insoluble derivatives of drugs may be more palatable than the soluble form.
  2. Insoluble derivatives of drugs may be more stable in aqueous vehicle than the soluble salts.
  3. Suspensions are more easily up taken from the GIT compared to their solid dosage counterparts
  4. The lotions in suspension form leave a layer of medicament on the skin. The liquids evaporates, giving a cooling sensation on the skin and leaving behind thin layer of powder (e.g. Calamine BP).
  5. Bulky insoluble powders like chalk BP or Kaolin BP can easily be administered in suspension form and can be used to adsorb toxins from the GIT.
  6. Suspended insoluble powders are easy to swallow.
  7. Suspensions can be prepared in sustained-released formulations.
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4
Q

Disadvantages of suspensions?

A
  1. Bulky, harder to transport. Their containers are made of glass so are more liable to breakage and spilling.
  2. Inefficient storage conditions can cause problems like clumping in indiffusible powders and can effect dosage.
  3. Have to be shaken before use.
  4. Dosage is often less compared to the solution equivalent.
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5
Q

Difference between diffusible and indiffusible suspensions?

A
  1. Diffusible contain light, indiffusible contain heavy powders
  2. On shaking, they re-disperse for enough time to allow accurate dosing/ they do not re-disperse for long enough to allow accurate dosing
  3. They do not require a viscosity enhancing agent for vehicle/ require enhanced viscosity of vehicle to prevent settling by use of suspending agent
  4. Examples light kaolin BP, magnesium trisilicate BP/ Calamine BP, Sulphur BP, aspirin BP
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6
Q

What other additives are added to suspensions?

A

Coloring and flavoring agents
Preservatives

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7
Q

Which preservatives are used in suspensions?

A

Double strength chloroform water, benzoic acid BP 0.1% (suited for internal use), chloroscresol BP (0.1% w/v) which is suited for external use

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8
Q

What is the composition of compound tragacanth powder?

A

Tragacanth powder 15%, acacia powder 20%, starch 30%, sucrose 45%

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9
Q

What are clays?

A

Clays are naturally occurring, inorganic materials

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10
Q

What are the types of suspending agents used?

A
  1. Natural polysaccharides
  2. Semi-synthetic polysaccharides
  3. Clays
  4. Synthetic agents
  5. Miscellaneous substances
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11
Q

What are some natural polysaccharides used as suspending agents?

A
  1. Acacia gum BP/Gum Arabica
  2. Agar BP
  3. Carrageenan BP
  4. Guar gum BP
  5. Sodium alginate BP
  6. Starch BP
  7. Powdered Trangacanth BP
  8. Compound Tragacanth powder BP
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12
Q

Semi-synthetic polysaccharides used as suspending agents?

A
  1. Hydroxyethylcellulose BP
  2. Methylcellulose BP
  3. Carboxy methycellulose BP
  4. Microcrystalline cellulose
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13
Q

Clays used as suspending agents?

A

1.Magnesium Aluminium alginate BP
2. Bentonite BP
3. Aluminium Magnesium silicate BP

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14
Q

Synthetic agents used in suspensions

A
  1. Polyvinyl alcohol BP
  2. Carbomer BP
  3. Colloidal silicon dioxide
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15
Q

Miscellaneous substance used as suspending agent?

A

Gelatin BP

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16
Q

How do you prepare suspensions?

A
  1. Weight all the solid ingredients on a weighing balance
  2. Powder any ingredient not already finely powdered
  3. Mix any insoluble diffusible powder (indiffusible powder and suspending agent) in a porcelain mortar using the doubling up technique to ensure thorough mixing.
  4. Add the liquid vehicle in the mortar and mix with the help of pestle to achieve a consistency of paste.
  5. Keep adding the vehicle in small portions to achieve a pourable consistency
  6. Transfer the mixture in a conical measure
  7. Rinse out the mortar with the vehicle and add it to the conical measure
  8. Make up the volume in the conical measure
  9. Stir gently and transfer it to a suitable container.
17
Q

What are some examples of suspensions?

A

All oral antibiotics for reconstitution are suspensions (e.g. panadol, azomax, azithromycin, brufen, calpol, antacids like digex NP and Gaviscon)

18
Q

What is a ‘freshly prepared’ suspension?

A

This refers to a preparation that has been compounded less than 24 hours before being issued for use

19
Q

What is ‘recently prepared’ suspension?

A

Recently prepared should be applied to compounded items that are likely to deteriorate if maintained at 15-20 degree celsius for more than 4 weeks.

20
Q

What is the discard date for freshly prepared oral suspensions or infusions that contain vegetable matter?

A

2 weeks

21
Q

What is the discard date for recently prepared oral suspensions?

A

4 weeks

22
Q

What are the labels used for suspensions?

A
  1. Shake the bottle
  2. Not to be taken - added to all inhalations
  3. For external use only - added to any suspension that is not to be administered via oral route
23
Q

How are oral suspensions packaged?

A

Liquid preparations that are intended for administration via oral route should be packaged in plain (smooth) amber bottles

24
Q

How are external suspensions to be packaged?

A

External preparations should be packed in fluted amber bottles (bottles with vertical ridges or grooves).

25
Q

Why are oral and external suspensions packaged differently?

A

This enables simple identification by both sight and touch, of preparations that are not to be taken via the oral route.

26
Q

What are the considerations for packaging?

A
  1. Packaging is chosen based on volume of preparation
    2.For both cost and appearance issues, do not use container that is too large for the volume of preparation to be dispensed
  2. Choose a bottle that leaves sufficient space to allow the product to be shaken adequately before the dose is measured.

Dispensing (9 decks)

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