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Behavioral Sciences > 2: Sensory and Perception > Flashcards

2: Sensory and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environments to electrical signals in the nervous system

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2
Q

perception

A

the processing of sensation information to make sense of its significance

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3
Q

sensory receptors

A

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals; photoreceptors respond to light and encode brightness and color/shape of light

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4
Q

ganglia

A

collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the CNS that transmit sensory data to CNS

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5
Q

projection areas

A

further analyze sensory information sent from ganglia

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6
Q

threshold

A

minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception

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7
Q

absolute threshold

A

minimum of stimulus energy needed to activate a sensory system

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8
Q

difference threshold

A

“just noticeable difference”

minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

there is a ratio between change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of original stimulus
(louder sound=bigger magnitude for jnd)

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10
Q

signal detection theory

A

focuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and external (environmental) context

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11
Q

stimulus–>conscious perception pathway

A

sensory receptor–>afferent neuron–>sensory ganglion–>spinal cord–>brain (projection areas)

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12
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

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13
Q

choroidal vessels

A

blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye between sclera and retina

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14
Q

retinal vessels

A

also supply nutrients to eye

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15
Q

retina

A

innermost layer of eye

contains actual photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information that the brain can then process

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16
Q

cornea

A

clear domelike window at front of eye that gathers and focuses incoming light

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17
Q

anterior chamber

A

lies in front of iris

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18
Q

posterior chamber

A

between iris and lens

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19
Q

iris

A

colored part of eye

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20
Q

dilator pupillae

A

opens pupil under sympathetic stimulation

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21
Q

constrictor pupillae

A

contricts pupil under parasympathetic stimulation

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22
Q

ciliary body

A

produce aqueous humor

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23
Q

lens

A

right behind iris

helps control refraction of incoming light

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24
Q

accommodation

A

when ciliary muscle contracts and changes shape of the lens

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25
Q

retina

A

at back of eye

converts incoming photons of light into electrical signals

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26
Q

cones

A

used for color vision and to sense fine details
most effective in bright light and are named for wavelength of light they absorb (S, M, L)
central section of retina contains high concentration of cones even though there is a higher amount of rods in the retina
*convert physical stimulus into electrical signal
(in retina)

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27
Q

rods

A

only allow for sensation of light and dark
low sensitivity to details
not involved in color vision
involved in night vision
many more rods than cones
*convert physical stimulus into electrical signal

28
Q

fovea

A

Center of the macula, which is the center of the retina
Contains only cones
As you move away from the fovea, the concentration of rods increases while the concentration of cones decreases
THEREFORE: visual acuity is best at the fovea
Most sensitive in normal daylight vision

29
Q

optic nerve

A

blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the eye b/c there are no photoreceptors here (in the retina)

30
Q

ganglion cells

A

link between bipolar cells and optic nerve

must represent activity of many rods and cones

31
Q

visual pathway

A

all fibers corresponding to the left visual field from both eyes project to the right side of the brain, and all fibers corresponding to the right visual field project into the left side of the brain

32
Q

parallel processing

A

The ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion, which can then be used to compare to memories.

33
Q

parvocellular cells

A

Responsible for shape detection
High color spatial resolution–allow for fine detail discrimination
Low temporal resolution–can only work with stationary or slow moving objects

34
Q

magnocellular cells

A

Responsible for motion detection
High temporal resolution
Low spatial resolution

35
Q

pinna/auricle

A

Outer part of ear

Funnel sound into external auditory canal

36
Q

external auditory canal

A

Directs sound waves to tympanic membrane

37
Q

tympanic membrane

A

Vibrates in phase with incoming sound waves
Velocity of vibrations depends of frequency of sounds (high frequency=fast, low=slow)
Louder sounds=greater intensity=increased amplitude
Divides outer ear from middle ear

38
Q

ossicles

A

Middle ear
Smallest bones in the body
Transmit and amplify the vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
a) malleus (hammer): attached to TM, acts on…
b) incus (anvil): which acts on…
c) stapes (stirrup): rests in oval window of cochlea, which is entrance to inner ear

39
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Connects middle ear to nasal cavity

Equalizes pressure b/w middle ear and environment

40
Q

cochlea

A

spiral shaped organ divided into three parts called scalae

41
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

Contain (continuous) cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals
Filled with potassium rich fluid called endolymph
Suspended within bony labyrinth by thin layer of perilymph fluid

42
Q

perilymph

A

Suspends membranous labyrinth in bony labyrinth

Simultaneously transmits vibrations from outside world and cushions inner ear structures

43
Q

bony labyrinth

A

Inner ear sits within this structure

44
Q

organ of corti

A

Part of cochlea
Sits on basilar membrane
Composed of thousands of hair cells bathed in endolymph
Tectorial membrane sits on top
*Hair cells convert physical stimulus into electrical stimulus (like rods and cones of eye), which is then carried to CNS via auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve

45
Q

round window

A

Membrane covered hole in the cochlea

Permits perilymph to move within the cochlea b/c fluid is ~incompressible

46
Q

vestibule

A

Essential to balancing and orientation in 3D space

Contains utricle and saccule, which are sensitive to linear acceleration

47
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Located in the thalamus
One of the final destinations for light signals
Lateral=light

48
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

Located in the thalamus
One of the final destinations for sound signals
Medial=music

49
Q

visual pathway

A

cornea–>pupil–>lens–>vitreous–>retina (rods and cones–>bipolar cells–>ganglion cells)–>optic nerve–>optic chiasm–>optic tract–>lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus–>radiations through parietal and temporal lobes–>visual cortex (occipital lobe)

50
Q

auditory pathway

A

pinna–>external auditory canal–>tympanic membrane–>malleus–>incus–>stapes–>oval window–>perilymph in cochlea–>basilar membrane–>hair cells–>vestibulocochlear nerve–>brainstem–>medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of thalamus–> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

51
Q

olfactory pathway

A

nasal passageway–>olfactory nerves in olfactory epithelium–>olfactory bulb–>olfactory tract–>brain (limbic system)

52
Q

somatosensation

A

“Touch”

4 modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature

53
Q

somatosensory pathway

A

various receptors–>CNS–>somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

54
Q

two point threshold

A

minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin that the two points will be felt as two distinct stimuli

55
Q

gate theory of pain

A

There is a special “gating” mechanism that can turn pain signals on and off, affecting whether or not we perceive pain.
Theoretically: spinal cord can preferentially forward signals from other touch modalities (pressure, temp) to brain, thus reducing the sensation of pain

56
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

“Proprioception”
Ability to tell where one’s body is in space
Receptors critical in hand-eye coordination, balance, and mobility

57
Q

bottom-up processing

A

Logical processing type #1: object recognition via parallel processing and feature detection
“Data-driven processing”
Brain takes sensory information and combines them to create cohesive image before determining what the object is
Without bottoms-up processing, we would have difficulty discriminating slight differences between similar objects

58
Q

top-down processing

A

Logical processing type #2: object recognition via memory recall and expectations
“Conceptually driven processing”
Allows brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based upon expectations
Brain can quickly recognize objects without analyzing specific parts–without it, we would have a hard time recognizing objects
Deja-vu: when brain top-down processes too quickly

59
Q

perceptual organization

A

Ability to use top-down and bottom-up processing in tandem to create a complete picture or idea about an object

60
Q

Gestalt principles

A

There are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when the picture is incomplete

61
Q

Law of proximity

A

Gestalt principle

Elements close to each other tend to be perceived as one unit

62
Q

Law of similarity

A

Gestalt principle

Objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

63
Q

Law of good continuation

A

Gestalt principle

Elements that appear to follow one pathway seem to be grouped together

64
Q

Subjective contours

A

Gestalt principle

Mind perceives shapes or contours in a stimulus that aren’t actually present

65
Q

Law of closure

A

Gestalt principle
When a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure
Four right angles=square even if sides aren’t closed or complete

Behavioral Sciences (3 decks)

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