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Behavioral Sciences > 1: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

1: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum

A

refined motor movements
posture, balance, and body movements
damage causes slurred speech and loss of balance
alcohol impairs function

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2
Q

medulla oblongata

A

vital functioning (BP, breathing, digestion)

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3
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal and alertness

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4
Q

inferior and superior colliculi

A

sensorimotor reflexes
receives sensory and motor info from rest of body
midbrain
reflexive reactions to loud noises

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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

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6
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function

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7
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, pain, temperature, spatial processing

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8
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

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9
Q

temporal lobe

A

contains auditory cortex (sound processing) and Wernicke’s area (language reception)

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10
Q

basal ganglia

A

muscle movement coordination

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11
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory

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12
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system; aggressive and defensive behaviors

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13
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system; learning and memory processes

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger/thirst, fight/flight, sexual function, trigger release of ADH (which controls water)
links endocrine and nervous systems
regulates pituitary gland (GnRH–>FSH/LH)

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15
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

lack of hunger when damaged

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16
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

“very much hungry” when damaged; can lead to obesity

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17
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

“asexual” when damaged; controls sexual desire and sleep and body temp

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

site of release for ADH (aka vasopressin) and oxytocin

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19
Q

pineal gland

A

secrete melatonin

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20
Q

thalamus

A

relay sensory information (except smell)

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21
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activated by stress; increase HR, decrease digestion; part of autonomic system

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22
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

role is to conserve energy; decrease HR, stimulate peristalsis; part of autonomic system

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23
Q

acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter found in central and peripheral nervous systems.
Voluntary muscle control
Peripheral: transmits nerve impulses to muscles
Central: linked to attention and arousal
Loss of cholinergic neurons linked to Alzheimers.

24
Q

Catecholamines

A

Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

All play important roles in experience of emotions.

25
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
Involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness--"fight or flight." Low levels of norepinephrine=depression, high=mania
26
Dopamine
Important in movement and posture. High concentrations found in the basal ganglia, which help with smooth movements and postural stability. Imbalances (or oversensitivity) linked to schizophrenia.
27
Serotonin
Also classified as a monoamine Generally thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming Oversupply=mania, undersupply=depression
28
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid stabilizes neural activity in the brain causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
29
Endorphins
Natural painkillers produced in the brain Peptide neuromodulators Actions similar to morphine
30
hypophyseal portal system
directly connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland
31
pituitary gland
"master gland" located at the base of the brain anterior pituitary controlled by hypothalamus--releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands
32
adrenal glands
located on top of kidneys | contain adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
33
adrenal medulla
release epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of sympathetic nervous system
34
adrenal cortex
produce corticotsteroids, like cortisol | also produce testosterone and estrogen
35
gonads
``` sex glands (ovaries and testes) produce sex hormones in higher concentrations increase libido ```
36
innate behavior
seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience
37
learned behaviors
based on experience/environment
38
adaptive value
extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing evolutionary fitness-->thus leading to adaptation by natural selection
39
neuralation
Development of nervous system begins w/ this at 3-4 weeks gestational age. Occurs when ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming neural groove surrounded by neural folds
40
umbilical cord
attaches fetus to uterine wall and placenta
41
placenta
transmits food, oxygen, and water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother
42
reflex
behavior that occurs automatically in response to a given stimulus
43
rooting reflex
primitive reflex that causes infant to turn its head when stimulus touches cheek
44
Moro reflex
marker of normal neurological development infant responds to abrupt movement of head by flinging arms and crying should disappear by 4 months
45
Babinski reflex
Causes toes to spread apart automatically when sole of foot is stimulated
46
Grasping reflex
Infant closes hand around object in palm
47
Primitive reflexes
Should disappear over time; continuation indicative of developmental disorder Adults with primitive reflexes may have illness with demyelination (loss of myelin sheath)
48
Afferent neurons
"Sensory neurons" | Transmit sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain
49
Efferent neurons
"Motor neurons" | Transmit motor information from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
50
hindbrain
Balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes (sleeping/waking), "vital functioning"
51
midbrain
receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body; reflexes to auditory and visual stimuli
52
forebrain
complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes; emotion and memory
53
somatic nervous system
voluntary actions; moving muscles
54
autonomic nervous system
involuntary actions: heart rate, breathing, eye dilation, peristalsis
55
pons
sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla
56
anterior pituitary
Produce and secrete FSH and LH at the command of hypothalamus controlled secretion of GnRH

Behavioral Sciences (3 decks)

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