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Behavioral Sciences > 1: Biology and Behavior > Flashcards

1: Biology and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum

A

refined motor movements
posture, balance, and body movements
damage causes slurred speech and loss of balance
alcohol impairs function

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2
Q

medulla oblongata

A

vital functioning (BP, breathing, digestion)

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3
Q

reticular formation

A

arousal and alertness

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4
Q

inferior and superior colliculi

A

sensorimotor reflexes
receives sensory and motor info from rest of body
midbrain
reflexive reactions to loud noises

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5
Q

cerebral cortex

A

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

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6
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive function

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7
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch, pain, temperature, spatial processing

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8
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex

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9
Q

temporal lobe

A

contains auditory cortex (sound processing) and Wernicke’s area (language reception)

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10
Q

basal ganglia

A

muscle movement coordination

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11
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory

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12
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system; aggressive and defensive behaviors

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13
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system; learning and memory processes

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger/thirst, fight/flight, sexual function, trigger release of ADH (which controls water)
links endocrine and nervous systems
regulates pituitary gland (GnRH–>FSH/LH)

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15
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

lack of hunger when damaged

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16
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

“very much hungry” when damaged; can lead to obesity

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17
Q

anterior hypothalamus

A

“asexual” when damaged; controls sexual desire and sleep and body temp

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18
Q

posterior pituitary

A

site of release for ADH (aka vasopressin) and oxytocin

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19
Q

pineal gland

A

secrete melatonin

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20
Q

thalamus

A

relay sensory information (except smell)

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21
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

activated by stress; increase HR, decrease digestion; part of autonomic system

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22
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

role is to conserve energy; decrease HR, stimulate peristalsis; part of autonomic system

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23
Q

acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter found in central and peripheral nervous systems.
Voluntary muscle control
Peripheral: transmits nerve impulses to muscles
Central: linked to attention and arousal
Loss of cholinergic neurons linked to Alzheimers.

24
Q

Catecholamines

A

Include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

All play important roles in experience of emotions.

25
Q

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

A

Involved in controlling alertness and wakefulness–“fight or flight.”
Low levels of norepinephrine=depression, high=mania

26
Q

Dopamine

A

Important in movement and posture.
High concentrations found in the basal ganglia, which help with smooth movements and postural stability.
Imbalances (or oversensitivity) linked to schizophrenia.

27
Q

Serotonin

A

Also classified as a monoamine
Generally thought to play roles in regulating mood, eating, sleeping, and dreaming
Oversupply=mania, undersupply=depression

28
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid
stabilizes neural activity in the brain
causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane

29
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural painkillers produced in the brain
Peptide neuromodulators
Actions similar to morphine

30
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

directly connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland

31
Q

pituitary gland

A

“master gland”
located at the base of the brain
anterior pituitary controlled by hypothalamus–releases hormones that regulate activities of endocrine glands

32
Q

adrenal glands

A

located on top of kidneys

contain adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

33
Q

adrenal medulla

A

release epinephrine and norepinephrine as part of sympathetic nervous system

34
Q

adrenal cortex

A

produce corticotsteroids, like cortisol

also produce testosterone and estrogen

35
Q

gonads

A 
sex glands (ovaries and testes)
produce sex hormones in higher concentrations
increase libido
36
Q

innate behavior

A

seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience

37
Q

learned behaviors

A

based on experience/environment

38
Q

adaptive value

A

extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing evolutionary fitness–>thus leading to adaptation by natural selection

39
Q

neuralation

A

Development of nervous system begins w/ this at 3-4 weeks gestational age.
Occurs when ectoderm overlying the notochord begins to furrow, forming neural groove surrounded by neural folds

40
Q

umbilical cord

A

attaches fetus to uterine wall and placenta

41
Q

placenta

A

transmits food, oxygen, and water to the fetus while returning water and waste to the mother

42
Q

reflex

A

behavior that occurs automatically in response to a given stimulus

43
Q

rooting reflex

A

primitive reflex that causes infant to turn its head when stimulus touches cheek

44
Q

Moro reflex

A

marker of normal neurological development
infant responds to abrupt movement of head by flinging arms and crying
should disappear by 4 months

45
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Causes toes to spread apart automatically when sole of foot is stimulated

46
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Infant closes hand around object in palm

47
Q

Primitive reflexes

A

Should disappear over time; continuation indicative of developmental disorder
Adults with primitive reflexes may have illness with demyelination (loss of myelin sheath)

48
Q

Afferent neurons

A

“Sensory neurons”

Transmit sensory information from receptors to spinal cord and brain

49
Q

Efferent neurons

A

“Motor neurons”

Transmit motor information from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands

50
Q

hindbrain

A

Balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes (sleeping/waking), “vital functioning”

51
Q

midbrain

A

receives sensory and motor information from the rest of the body; reflexes to auditory and visual stimuli

52
Q

forebrain

A

complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes; emotion and memory

53
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary actions; moving muscles

54
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary actions: heart rate, breathing, eye dilation, peristalsis

55
Q

pons

A

sensory and motor pathways between cortex and medulla

56
Q

anterior pituitary

A

Produce and secrete FSH and LH at the command of hypothalamus controlled secretion of GnRH

Behavioral Sciences (3 decks)

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