2 - Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the difference between aims and hypotheses

A

Aims:
General statements about what researchers intend to study

Hypothesis:
A precise and testable statement about the relationship between variables.

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2
Q

Name 4 types of hypothesis

A

Null
alternative
directional
non-directional

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3
Q

Explain the difference between population and sample

A

Population:
The group of people you want to study

Sample:
The group of people actually used in the study

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4
Q

Name 5 sampling techniques

A

Random
systematic
stratified
volunteer
opportunity

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5
Q

Name 3 experimental designs

A

Independent measures
repeated measures
matched pairs

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6
Q

Name 3 types of experiments

A

Lab
field
natural
quasi

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7
Q

What is meant by operationalisation of variables

A

Ensuring variables are in a form that can be easily tested.

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8
Q

What extraneous variables would random allocation aim to control?

A

Participant variables

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9
Q

What extraneous variables would counterbalancing aim to control?

A

Order effects

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10
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Participant behaviour is altered to please the researcher or to influence the exp in a negative way

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11
Q

Give an example of investigator effects

A

Anything the investigator does that has an effect on the P’s performance other than what was intended

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12
Q

Name 3 ethical issues in the design and conduct of psychological studies

A

Confidentiality
informed consent, deception
protection from harm
right to withdraw
privacy

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13
Q

Explain how you might deal with the ethical issues

A

debriefing
following BPS ethical guidelines
submit proposal to an ethics committee
cost-benefit analysis
presumptive consent

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14
Q

Name 6 types of observations

A

Overt
covert
controlled
naturalistic
participant
non-participant

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15
Q

When designing a structured observation what 2 sampling methods could be used?

A

Time
event

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16
Q

Name 2 self-report techniques used in psychological investigations

A

Questionnaire
Interviews

17
Q

Name two ways of assessing reliability

A

Test-retest
inter-rater reliability

18
Q

Name 5 features of science

A

Objectivity
empirical methods
replicability
falsifiability
theory construction
hypothesis testing
paradigms & paradigm shifts

19
Q

When reporting a psychological investigations, what are the 6 sections of a scientific report (in order)?

A

Abstract
introduction
methods
results
discussion
referencing

20
Q

Explain what is meant by a meta-analysis

A

Looking at findings from a number of different studies to see an overall effect

21
Q

Explain the difference between a correlation and an experiment

A

Experiments involve a direct manipulation of a variable correlations do not
Experiments can establish a causal relationship correlations cannot

22
Q

How would you interpret a correlation coefficient of -0.8 ?

A

Strong Negative association

23
Q

Name 5 descriptive statistics

A

Mean
median
mode
range
standard deviation

24
Q

Name 3 types of distributions

A

Normal
positive skewed
negative skewed

25
Q

Using the data in the Table, identify the distribution shown in Group A and Group B.

Group A:
Mean - 22.4
Median - 22.5
Mode - 22

Group B:
Mean - 26
Median - 22.5
Mode - 16

A

A- normal
B - positive skewed

26
Q

Name 3 levels of measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval

27
Q

What factors affect the choice of an inferential statistical test

A

Whether it is an experiment or correlation, experimental design, level of measurement

28
Q

Draw a diagram to show when to use 8 statistical tests you have learnt

A

You can do this easy :D Daily affirmation: you’re amazing

29
Q

What is meant by significant at p<0.05

A

The probability of the results occurring by chance is less than 5%

30
Q

What is the difference between Type I and Type II errors

A

Type 1 - (False Positive)
- Incorrectly rejects null hypothesis

Type 2 - (False Negative)
- Incorrectly accepts null hypothesis