2: RESEARCH DESIGN

Question 1

Experimental Methods and its Requirements

Answer 1

Used to define causality and whether one variable causes another
1. Manipulation of independent variables
2. Ensuring participants are equivalent to each other through random assignment

Question 2

Correlational Method

Answer 2

To see if there is a relationship between two variables naturally (an advantage)

Question 3

Correlational Method and the Directionality Problem

Answer 3

If A and B are correlated we don’t know if A is the cause of B and vice versa

Question 4

Correlational Method and the Third Variable Problem

Answer 4

Two variables might be correlated because of a third unknown variable

Question 5

Interaction Effect

Answer 5

Finding in which one predictor variable differs depending on the level of the second predictor variable

Question 6

When to Use What Research Designs

Answer 6

Experimental is for finding causal relationships. Correlational is for finding natural causal relationships. Case-studies are for in-depth but findings cannot be applied to everyone

Question 7

Interchannel Discrepancies

Answer 7

When the verbal message and non-verbal body cues do not align or support each other

Question 8

Paralanguage Cues

Answer 8

Voice pitch elevation, speaking slowly, less fluent

Question 9

De Paulo et al 2003

Answer 9

Found paralanguage and interchannel cues like chin raises, pupil dilation, fidgeting

Question 10

Life Event Data

Answer 10

Info that can be gleaned from events and outcomes that is available to public scrutiny. Is subject to overdetermination

Question 11

S-Data and I-Data can predict L-Data (I’ll-temperedness study)

Answer 11

Early tantrums in boys were related to
1. Lower military service ranks
2. Changing jobs and unemployment
3. Less successful marriages
Early tantrums in women were related to
1. Marry to men of lower occupational status
2. Have less successful marriages

Question 12

Informant Data and Disadvantages

Answer 12

Info gathered from personality assessors or people who actually know the participant. May cause compartmentalization: presenting differently in different places, inaccessibility to private life.

Question 13

Naturalistic V Artificial Observation

Answer 13

Naturalistic allows to secure info realistically but cannot control the events. Artificially we can control events and behaviour but sacrificing realism in the process

Question 14

T Data and Disadvantages

Answer 14

See if people react differently to the same situation to elicit behaviours that indicate personality variables. However the interpreter may influence it, they may alter responses. Do they define the testing situation in the same way??

Question 15

Megargee’s Manifestations of Dominance

Answer 15

Using CPI-D scale. Women even if dominant appointed the leader position to men

Question 16

Idiosyncracy

Answer 16

Findings that don’t relate to the topic of interest

Question 17

Issues of Personality Assessment

Answer 17

Triangulation: does it relate to other findings?
Lack of agreement does not signify error of measurement

Question 18

Response Sets

Answer 18

Noncontent responding, acquiescence, extreme responding, social desirability

Question 19

What causes Social Desirability?

Answer 19

Represents distortion, could be unconscious and should be ruled out. OR, it is a valid trait and comes from a distorted view of themselves

Question 20

Removing Response Sets

Answer 20

Reverse scoring, measure social desirability and remove it statistically, forced choice questionnaire

Question 21

Types of Validity

Answer 21

Face, predictive/criterion, convergent, discriminant(what it shouldn’t be), construct(all at once)