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CEDO > 2: Radiation/Radioactivity > Flashcards

2: Radiation/Radioactivity Flashcards

1
Q

How fast is electromagnetic radiation?

A

The speed of light

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2
Q

How do you determine atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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3
Q

How do you determine atomic mass?

A

Number of neutrons + number of protons

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4
Q

How does a metallic bond occur?

A

Between electrically conductive elements.

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5
Q

What does “fissile” refer too?

A

Nucleus being split by a high speed particle (ex. neutron)

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6
Q

How do thermal neutrons move?

A

Slow

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7
Q

What is radioactivity?

A

Dispersal of high energy radiation from an unstable atom while changing into a lighter, stable atom.

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8
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

Energy released through the loss of atomic particles.

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9
Q

What does particulate radiation consist of?

A

Particles that have mass AND energy but may/may not have an electric charge.

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10
Q

What does electromagnetic radiation consist of?

A

Photons that have energy but no mass or charge.

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of radioactive decay/disintegration?

A
  1. Spontaneous fission
  2. Alpha decay
  3. Beta decay
  4. K-electron capture
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12
Q

Spontaneous fission happens with what masses?

A

Greater than 200

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13
Q

What is the result of alpha decay?

A

A 2 proton 2 neutron particle.

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14
Q

What is the result of beta decay?

A

A neutron is converted to a proton then to an electron. The free neutron consists of a proton, beta particle and a neutrino.

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15
Q

What is Q represented by?

A

Energy released in the disintegration process.

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16
Q

For every Beta emission…

A

A include loses a neutron, gains a proton and atomic number increases by one.

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17
Q

What is an alpha particles speed compared to light?

A

5% of the speed of light

It’s heavier so it’s slower

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18
Q

What is an alpha particles usual value of energy?

A

4-9 MeV (mega electron volt)

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19
Q

Alpha particles have low penetration and can be absorbed by a few centimetres of what?

A

Air or thin piece of paper.

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20
Q

When are alpha particles harmful?

A

When inhaled/injected they cause damage to the body tissues.

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21
Q

What is the mass of a Beta particle?

A

Same as a electron (-1) and negatively charged.

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22
Q

How fast is a Beta particle compared to the speed of light?

A

99.95% the speed of light.

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23
Q

What is a Beta particles energy level?

A

0 - max

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24
Q

A Beta particle can penetrate a few centimetres of what?

A

Human tissue

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25
Q

A Beta particle can be absorbed by a few millimetres of what?

A

A few millimetres of aluminum or metres of air.

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26
Q

A Beta particle is a decay product of what industrial radiography sources?

A

Iridium-192 and Cobalt-60

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27
Q

What are neutrons?

A

High energy particles released from nucleus of an atom during fission reactions.
OR
Knocking out of nucleus by energizing a nuclide using gamma radiation OR bombarding it with suitable projectiles.

28
Q

What are some characteristics of neutrons?

A

NO charge - not affected by electrical/magnetic fields.

Pass with ease through lead/steel.

Absorbed by water/graphite.

29
Q

What happens when a neutron hits water?

A

Water contains 1 proton and 0 electrons so when a neutron hits an H atom, it loses all energy in one collision.

30
Q

Gamma radiation is what stage of nuclear transformation?

A

Secondary effect

31
Q

How fast is gamma radiation and how does it travel?

A

Travels at speed of light - no mass

Travels in straight lines - no charge

32
Q

What type of wavelengths make it highly penetrating?

A

Short wavelengths

33
Q

How is the radioactivity of a material measured?

A

The number of atoms that disintegrate in a given time.

34
Q

What is the main type of radiation that is used in isotope radiography?

A

Gamma radiation

35
Q

A Curie was initially made to represent what?

A

1 gram of radium-226

3.7 x 10^10/37 billion disintegration’s per second

36
Q

With each disintegration, what is released?

A

Gamma radiation.

Higher the activity, the more radiation

37
Q

What is meant by “half-life?”

A

Time required for half of the atoms to decay.

38
Q

Energy is expressed in what?

A

KeV or MeV

39
Q

How is intensity measured?

A

Per hour at a distance of one meter from source.

40
Q

What part of radiation that is produced by an isotope cannot be changed?

A

Energy and intensity

41
Q

What are X-rays?

A

A transfer of energy between high speed interaction of electrons and a dense target material (usually tungsten)

42
Q

3 requirements to generate X-rays are:

A
  1. Electrons
  2. Means to accelerate electrons to a high velocity (voltage)
  3. High density material to receive impact of electrons
43
Q

What percentage of electrical energy produces X-rays?

A

2% and remaining energy is heat

44
Q

What are the 3 principle controls of an X-ray tube?

A
  1. Milliamperage (Ma) control
  2. Kilo voltage (Kv) control
  3. Timer control
45
Q

What does Ma (milliamperage) govern?

A

Amount of electricity going to negative cathode

46
Q

What does Kv (kilo voltage) govern?

A

Electrical potential/pressure (energy) between negative cathode and positive anode

47
Q

What 2 atomic processes can produce X-ray photons?

A
  1. Characteristic X-rays

2. Bremsstrauhlung X-rays

48
Q

When are characteristic X-rays produced?

A

When a striking electron actually hit an orbiting electron in atom of target.

(The energies produced are the difference between energies of two consecutive shells.)

49
Q

What is bremsstrahlung in German?

A

Braking

50
Q

What happens when bremmstrahlung X-rays are produced?

A

An active electron passes between orbiting electrons in tungsten atom then is SLOWED DOWN - must give off some kinetic energy so it produces an X-ray photon and heat

51
Q

Describe the energy produced in bremsstrahlung rays:

A

Most produced energy is random and depends on difference of kinetic energy between original velocity and final one (most X-rays produce like this).

52
Q

Type I film is used for?

A

Critical inspections

53
Q

Type II film is used for?

A

Light metal/heavier steel

54
Q

Type III film is used for?

A

Steel/brass alloys

55
Q

Type IV film is used for?

A

Highest speed available

56
Q

What is a ion pair?

A

Atom missing an electron = positive ion, atom with an extra electron = negative ion.

57
Q

How is an isotope made?

A
  1. Fission - large unstable nucleus bombarded by neutrons

2. Alter neutron to proton ratio (N/Z) of stable element - my life absorbs a neutron

58
Q

2 main isotopes in industrial radiography?

A

Cobalt-60 and iridium-192

59
Q

Define becquerel:

A

Unity of activity = 1 Bcq = 1 disintegration per second

60
Q

What is a specific activity?

A

Concentration of radioactive material within a radioactive source.

61
Q

What is characteristic intensity?

A

Measure of ionizing air an isotope produces.

Each isotope is different, based on disintegration process

62
Q

What’s the difference between the generation of X-rays and gamma rays?

A

X-rays are electrical and gamma rays are a decay of radioactive material.

63
Q

What’s the difference between the intensity of X-rays and gamma rays?

A

X-ray intensity can be adjusted by changing amperage, gamma intensity depends on disintegration rate and cannot be changed.

64
Q

What is the difference in energy between X-rays and gamma rays?

A

X-rays are adjusted by changing amperage, gamma is determined by radionuclide and can’t be changed.

65
Q

What’s the difference between radiographic quality and radiation quality?

A

Radiographic is the quality of image (ex. Contrast, definition, sensitivity, etc.) and radiation quality is based off wavelength (ex. Higher energy = shorter wavelength = greater penetration).

CEDO (9 decks)

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