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Immuno Final > 2 Principles of Vaccination > Flashcards

2 Principles of Vaccination Flashcards

1
Q

This one might get a little long, he had a word document and a long PPT. Hopefully I won’t overlap too many but will be doing both because Densen’s questions…..well its Densen.

A

Make sure you watch this lecture—also on the handout there is a little case with questions and stuff. you may want to look up those things.

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2
Q

What affects the probability of disease and is an impotent consideration in vaccination strategy?

A

Herd immunity

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3
Q

Maternal-fetal immunological relationships affect the risk of infection when? Can the maternal immune system be manipulated to enhance the neonates?

A
  1. Neonatal period

2. Yes

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4
Q

what does the neonatal immune response require?

A

Maturation

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5
Q

T-F…Elicitation of vaccine T cell responses provides more robust immunity?

A

True

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6
Q

Wat does conjugation of polysaccharides to proteins do?

A

Converts a T cell independent response to a T cell dependent one.

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7
Q

Densen gives 3 very important concepts of vaccines, but then does not talk much more about them. What are they?

A
  1. Protective vaccination
  2. attenuation a. natural development b. genetically engineered
  3. immunologic cross reactivity
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8
Q

What are the 3 population goals of vaccination?

A
  1. Protect the individual
  2. Develop Herd Immunity
  3. Eradication
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9
Q

What are the 3 immunologic goals of vaccination?

A
  1. elicit antibody response
  2. elicit T cell response in addition to B cell for long term memory
  3. Mimic typical route of exposure [systemic vs. mucosal]
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10
Q

T-F…Vaccines can vary from a single component to a whole organism?

A

True

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11
Q

For a pure single component vaccine to be highly effective what do they need?

A
  1. To be protein [T dependent antigen]
  2. Multiple antigenic epitopes [multiple IgG specificities]
  3. mediate the effects of the disease
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12
Q

T-F—pure polysaccharides elicit immune response in children under 2 years of age?

A

False

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13
Q

T-F—whole organism vaccines induce single-antigen responses?

A

False–multi-antigen

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14
Q

Whole organism vaccines offer better protection but what is the con?

A

more side effects

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15
Q

If you purify a single type of protein from an organisms membrane will usually have limited efficacy despite immune response…why?

A
  1. genetic variability among strains

2. Organism mutation rates are high and high amounts of division

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16
Q

What is the solution to the genetic variability of strains and high mutation rate problem in vaccines?

A

include multiple different surface structures in the vaccine—>more included the less like a multi-resistant strain will be found

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17
Q

T-F…organisms grown in vitro always recapitulate expression of relevant microbial structures involved in pathogenesis?

A

False

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18
Q

Live vaccines should never been given to who?

A

immunocompromised individuals—ie PREGNANT WOMEN

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19
Q

What can be given to pregnant mothers during 3rd trimester to induce maternal IgG transport across placenta?

A

single component or killed vaccines

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20
Q

What are the advantages of T cell responses in vaccines?

A
  1. effective against intracellular organisms

2. Induce long term memory

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21
Q

Are pure polysaccharides T dependent antigens?

A

No- independent

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22
Q

Pure polysaccharide vaccines have what characteristics?

A
  1. IgM response
  2. limited anamnestic response [rapid production on 2nd response]
  3. no long term memory
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23
Q

Conjugated vaccines are very good at what?

A

converting T independent response to polysaccharides to T cell dependent one

[this is what allows neonates to respond to polysaccharide vaccines before 2 years of age]

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24
Q

what type of vaccine is given for tetanus toxin?

A

toxoid

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25
Q

What type of vaccine is given for measles and oral polio?

A

Live and live-attenuated

26
Q

What type of vaccines are given for influenza, hepatitis A, and rabies?

A

inactivate [killes]

27
Q

What type of vaccines are given for Hep B, pertussis.

A

Molecular [subunit vaccines]

28
Q

What type of vaccines are given for H. influenza, N meningiditis, S pneumonia?

A

Conjugated

29
Q

What are agents that augment the immune response called? What are the 2 general categories?

A
  1. adjuvants

2. a. recruit T cell help and b. cause antigen persistence

30
Q

Is he IgG response sooner and less pronounced in the secondary response?

A

Sooner and drastically more pronounced.

[In the primary response there is a 10 day latency period and the IgM rises and begins falling IgG then kicks in. In the secondary response the latency is only 3 days and as IgM is peaking there is a drastic upswing in IgG until it completely dominates]

31
Q

How long does IgG that has crossed the placenta protect neonates for?

A

6 months— loss of that antibody leads to increased risk and occurrence of infection

32
Q

Does infectiousness or virulence determine transmission?

A

Infectiousness….virulence determines the severity

33
Q

What are the 6 factors of infectiousness or probability of transmission?

Seems long, but think logically about this and they all make sense before even studying it.

A
  1. # of susceptible people
  2. freq. of contact
  3. duration of infectiousness in an infected individual
  4. stability of agent in environment
  5. # of organisms required to establish infection
  6. effective/efficient spreaders of disease
34
Q

What are the 4 assumptions of the Reed-Frost model of epidemics in closed populations?

A
  1. No migration in/out
  2. random interaction of individuals
  3. each person has = susceptibility
  4. infection produces immunity
35
Q

What is the proportion of all individuals in a population who must be immune in order to prevent spread of infection to non-immune individuals?

A

Herd Immunity

36
Q

T-F—the proportion of immune individuals to provide herd immunity varies among organisms?

A

true

37
Q

Does the more infectious organism require a higher level of herd immunity?

A

Yes

38
Q

What is a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a given time?

A

epidemic

39
Q

What is a disease or condition regularly found amend particular people or in a certain location?

A

endemic

40
Q

What denotes a population or area in which a disease incidence is sufficiently low that the population has limited or no immunity to it?

A

Hypo-endemic

41
Q

What is the main obstacle to the economic development of poor countries? Why doesn’t this take place?

A

absence of health —low potential revenue

42
Q

The purified individual surface component is less toxic but is also less effective due to what key differences?

A
  1. chemical nature of antigen
  2. topography of antigen on surface
  3. difference of organisms in vivo and in vitro
43
Q

What are bacterial capsules made from?

A

repeating polysaccharide units

44
Q

Purified polysaccharide used in vaccine initiates what response?

A

T cell independent with IgM production

45
Q

Bound IgM to polysaccharide units binds what and initiates what?

A

C1q and initiates complement activation

46
Q

T-F—natural infection by polysaccharide encapsulated organism leads to an anti-capsular IgG production too?

A

true

47
Q

Efficacy of a single component protein vaccine depends on what?

A

epitopic density of antigen

[if low density—>IgG can’t effectively bind C1q or productively engage Fc receptors]

48
Q

T-f—IgG has to be specific for a single antigen or antigenic epitope on an organism

A

False- the greater number of antigenic targets then the more IgG will bind and will initiate dependent effector functions more effectively i.e. bing C1q and activate complement

49
Q

why is a t-cell dependent response so important?

A
  1. effective vs intracellular

2. Induce long term memory

50
Q

What are the steps to a conjugated vaccine working?

A
  1. APC precents protein component to T cell
  2. B cell selected by specificity for polysaccharide processes associated protein and presents on MHC II
  3. Activated CD4 T cell binds presented MHCII from Bcell [signal 1]
  4. CD40 binds ro CD40R on B cell [signal 2]
  5. CD4 releases cytokines [signal 3]
  6. Production of hi affinity antibody and long term immunologic memory
51
Q

T-f—-conjugate vaccines protect individual and reduce transmission?

A

True

52
Q

What vaccines are required for medical personnel?

A

varicella zoster
hepB
influenza virus yearly

53
Q

T-f—the origin of fetal IgM and IgA is from the mother?

A

False–too big to cross placenta—it is from fetus (recall neonate gets IgA in breast milk tho)

54
Q

T-F—the origin of fetal IgG is from the fetus and the mother?

A

True

55
Q

If you are considering in utero infection of fetus and you are suspecting several pathogens…what Ig should you examine in the serum for?

A

IgM—only the fetus creates. IgG will represent mother’s too and won’t give you the specificity you are looking for

56
Q

What supplies maternal IgA to infant’s GI tract?

A

breast feeding–mother’s repertoire determines degree and spectrum of protective mucosal immunity

57
Q

When is the greets risk for bacterial meningitis in the child?

A

greatest in the first 2 years of life

58
Q

What are the key super spreaders?

A
  1. high organism load
  2. secretion and coughing
  3. Lots of contacts–day care and grandparents
59
Q

Is the complication rate (death) constant?

A

Yes

60
Q

What is the effect of vaccination on death secondary to?

A

reduction of the number of people infected

61
Q

What is one of the main societal issues with HPV vaccine?

A

That is will encourage girls to participate in actions they may normally not have engaged in.

Immuno Final (7 decks)

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