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Anatomy > 2. Overview of lower limb > Flashcards

2. Overview of lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal in males. (3)

A

1) Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.
2) Spermatic cord.
3) Ilioinguinal nerve.

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2
Q

Contents of the inguinal canal in females. (3)

A

1) Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve.
2) Round ligament.
3) Ilioinguinal nerve.

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3
Q

Describe the walls of the inguinal canal. (4)

A

Anterior - aponeurosis of external oblique and a bit of the internal oblique.
Posterior - transversalis fascia.
Roof - transversalis fascia, internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
Floor - inguinal ligament.
“MALT”

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4
Q

What is the difference between an indirect and direct inguinal hernia?

A

Indirect - peritoneal sac enters the canal through deep ring. It is the result of an embryological failure where the processus vaginalis fails to close after the testes pass through it.
Direct - peritoneal sac enters the canal through posterior wall due to weakening of the abdominal wall.

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5
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle. (3)

A

1) Medial border of sartorius laterally.
2) Inguinal ligament superiorly.
3) Medial border of adductor longus medially.

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6
Q

Contents of the femoral triangle. (4)

A

1) Femoral nerve laterally.
2) Femoral artery.
3) Femoral vein.
4) Femoral canal.
“NAVY”

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7
Q

Contents of the femoral sheath.

A

Femoral artery, vein and femoral canal.

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8
Q

Borders and contents of femoral canal.

A

Medially - lacunar ligament.
Laterally - femoral vein.
Anteriorly - inguinal ligament.
Posteriorly - pectineal ligament and muscle.
Contents - deep lymph node (lacunar node) & lymph vessels.

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9
Q

Describe a femoral hernia.

A

Sometimes part of the intestine can pass through the femoral ring and enter the femoral canal to cause a femoral hernia.

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10
Q

Borders of the popliteal fossa.

A

Supero-medially - Semitendinosus.
Infero-medially - Medial Gastrocnemius.
Supero-laterally - Biceps femoris (long head).
Infero-laterally - Lateral Gastrocnemius.

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11
Q

Name the 3 hamstring muscles and their locations relative to each other.

A

Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.
Semi-M lies deep to semi-T.
BF has 2 head and is the most lateral of the 3.

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12
Q

Origin and insertion: Biceps femoris.

A

Origin: LH- ischial tuberosity of the pelvis. SH- linea aspera of femur.
Insertion: both heads joint to form common tendon which inserts into the fibular head.

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13
Q

Origin and insertion: Semitendinosus.

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity of the pelvis.
Insertion: medial surface of tibia.

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14
Q

Origin and insertion: Semimembranosus

A

Origin: ischial tuberosity of the pelvis (superior to semitendinosus).
Insertion: medial condyle of tibia.

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15
Q

State a difference in function between the biceps femoris and the semimembranosus and semitendinosus.

A

BF rotates thigh and leg laterally whereas the other two muscles rotate medially.

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16
Q

Floor of the popliteal fossa. (4)

A

Popliteal surface of femur.
Popliteal muscle and its fascia.
Oblique popliteal ligament.
Capsule of knee joint.

17
Q

Contents of the popliteal fossa from superficial –> deep.

A

Tibial and common fibular nerves.
Popliteal vein.
Popliteal artery.
Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels.

18
Q

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

A

This is uncommon.
Occurs when an enlarged calf muscle (typically medial head of gastrocnemius) presses on the popliteal artery.
Artery gets compressed and prevents blood flow to the leg and foot.

19
Q

Baker’s Cyst/Popliteal Cyst.

A

Fluid filled swelling at the back of the knee.

Causes: arthritis or cartilage tear.

20
Q

Which muscles comprise the anterior compartment of the thigh? (7)

A 
Iliopsoas.
Pectineus.
Sartorius.
Rectus femoris.
Vastus medialis.
Vastus lateralis.
Vastus intermedius.
21
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Femoral nerve.

“Front = Femoral”

22
Q

Which muscles comprise the medial/adductor compartment of the thigh? (5)

A 
Adductor longus.
Adductor magnus.
Adductor brevis.
Obturator externus.
Gracilis.
23
Q

Which nerve innervates the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve.

24
Q

Which muscles comprise the posterior compartment of the thigh? (3)

A

Biceps femoris.
Semitendinosus.
Semimembranosus.

25
Q

Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Tibial nerve branch of the Sciatic nerve.

26
Q

What is the function of the anterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Extend knee and flex hip.

e.g. squats with weights = harder to extend knees when coming up = working the quads.

27
Q

Which muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh can abduct the thighs at the hip joint?

A

Sartorius.

“you want to get rid of jacob sartorious so you abduct him.”

28
Q

Which muscle in the anterior compartment of the thigh can adduct the thighs at the hip joint?

A

Pectineus.

29
Q

Which muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh can flex the thighs at the hip joint?

A

Iliopsoas, rectus, sartorius and pectineus.

30
Q

Which nerves innervate the gluteal muscles?

A

Minimus - superior gluteal.
Medius - superior gluteal.
Maximus - inferior gluteal.

31
Q

What is the function of the tensor fascia latae?

A

Locks the knee in extension.

32
Q

Iliotibial band syndrome.

A

Knee injury due to inflammation of the lateral side of the knee. Caused due to friction between the iliotibial band and lateral epicondyle of the femur.

33
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve.

34
Q

Which muscles comprise the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

Tibialis anterior.
Extensor digitorum longus.
Extensor hallucis longus .

35
Q

Which muscles comprise the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

Fibularis longus.

Fibularis brevis.

36
Q

Which muscles comprise the superficial-posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Gastrocnemius.
Plantaris.
Soleus.
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon.

37
Q

Which muscles comprise the deep-posterior compartment of the leg?

A

Flexor digitorum longus.
Flexor hallucis longus.
Popliteus.
Tibialis posterior.

Anatomy (8 decks)

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