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Biology > 2) Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

2) Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of a DNA and an RNA molecule?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Base
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2
Q

What is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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3
Q

What are always the same in each DNA and RNA molecule?

A

The phosphate group and pentose sugar

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4
Q

How many carbon atoms are in a deoxyribose?

A

5

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5
Q

What are the 4 bases in DNA?

A
  • adenine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
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6
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

Guanine and Adenine

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7
Q

What are the 2 pyramidines?

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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8
Q

What bonds pair the bases?

A

Hydrogen

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine?

A

2

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10
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between cytosine and guanine?

A

3

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11
Q

What is stored by DNA?

A

Genetic information

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12
Q

What does the genetic information do?

A

Provides instructions for growth and development

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13
Q

Describe the form of DNA (3 points)

A
  • double stranded molecule
  • 2 polynucleotides form a double helix
  • polynucleotide chains are antiparallel
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14
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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15
Q

What is the bond between the phosphate and the pentose sugar called?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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16
Q

Explain the transforming principle in terms of pneumonia and mice (3 points)

A 
S-strain = harmful form of bacteria
R-strain = safe form of bacteria

1) Griffith injected mice with the bacteria and had different results:
- s-strain = mice died
- r-strain = mice lived
- s-strain killed by heat = mice lived

2) He then mixed the r-strain (safe) with the heat killed s-strain (supposedly safe)
- they died
- the information from the dead s-strain had been passed to the live r-strain

3) This is because the DNA survived the heating but the bacteria didn’t, so it was able to replicate with the necessary information to become harmful again

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17
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

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18
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

Transfer genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes

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19
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

The body’s ‘protein factories’

20
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Read RNA to make polypeptides during translation

21
Q

What are 2 differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • RNA is made from a single polynucleotide chain

- RNA is much shorter than DNA

22
Q

What is the pentose sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

23
Q

What are the 4 bases in RNA?

A
  • adenine
  • urasil
  • thymine
  • guanine
24
Q

What base is replaced by urasil in RNA?

A

Thymine

25
Q

What is the process of semi-conservative replication?

A

1) DNA helicase breks hydrogen bondss and unwinds DNA strands

2) Free floating nucleotides pair with complementary bases
- A+T
- C+G

3) Condensation reactions join the nucleotides of the new strands together to form hydrogen bonds between the base pairs
- this reaction is catalysed by DNA polymerase

4) Each new molecule contains one new and one old strand

26
Q

What is the proof of semi conservative replication?

A

1) Two bacteria samples grown then spun in centrifuge
- light nitrogen (DNA) settled at top
- heavy nitrogen (DNA) settled at bottom

2) Sample of heavy bacteria grown with the light nitrogen was left to replicate once and then spun on centrifuge
- if it was conservative, they would settle at separate ends

3) DNA settled in the middle, showing the DNA molecule contained a mixture of both nitrogens
- bacterial DNA replicated semi-conservatively in the light nitrogen

27
Q

What are the 5 parts of an ATP molecule?

A
  • adenine base
  • ribose sugar
  • 3 phosphate groups
28
Q

What is adenine+ribose called?

A

Adenosine

29
Q

When can ADP+inorganic phosphate be formed?

A

When ATP is hydrolysed

30
Q

What catalysis the hydrolysis of ATP?

A

The enzyme ATP hydrolase

31
Q

Where is ATP made?

A

In the mitochondria

32
Q

Why does ATP have to be constantly made?

A
  • cannot be stored in the cell

- immediate source of energy

33
Q

Why is ATP better than glucose? (5 points)

A
  • small amounts are ideal for body reactions
  • single reaction produces energy instantly
  • small amounts of energy are released
  • can be quickly regenerated from ADP (condensation)
  • the doses of energy are more manageable
34
Q

What are the 2 types of phosphorylation?

A
  • substrate level

- oxidative

35
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

Adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP during respiration to form ATP

36
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule to ADP

37
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Production of sufficient energy to form ATP from ADP and phosphate

38
Q

How many reactions occur in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

A series of oxidation reactions

39
Q

How many reactions occur in substrate level phosphorylation?

A

1 single reaction

40
Q

In what part of respiration does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Electron Transport Chain

41
Q

In what part of respiration does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

A

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

42
Q

What are the 5 main uses of ATP?

A
  • active transport
  • secretion
  • metabolic processes
  • movement
  • molecule activation
43
Q

How is ATP used in movement?

A

Muscle ontraction

44
Q

How is ATP used in metabolic processes?

A

Provides energy to make larger maromolecules

45
Q

How is ATP used in secretion?

A

To make lysozymes

46
Q

How is ATP used in molecule activation?

A
  • inorganic phosphates can phosphorylate other molecules

- lowers the activation energy and makes them more reactive

47
Q

What catalyses the condensation of ADP and an inorganic phosphate to form ATP?

A

Enzyme ATP synthase

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