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Biology > 1) Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1) Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the basic unit of starch?

A

Alpha glucose

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2
Q

What is the basic unit of glycogen?

A

Alpha glucose

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

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4
Q

What is the structure of starch? (3 points)

A
  • 30% amylose (a spiral with 1,4 bonds)
  • 70% amylopectin (has branches with 1,4 and some 1,6 bonds)
  • combined to give appearance of tightly wound molecule
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5
Q

What is the structure of glycogen? (3 points)

A
  • has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds
  • similar structure to amylopectin, however is further branched
  • branched structure
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6
Q

What is the structure of cellulose? (2 points)

A
  • has 1,4 bonds

- straight chains of beta glucose units

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7
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Main storage molecule in plants

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8
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Main storage carbohydrate in mammals

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9
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Gives plant cell walls their structural strength

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10
Q

How does the structure of starch aid the function? (3 points)

A
  • must be quite big so it isn’t soluble; this prevents an osmotic effect
  • must be compact to hold its content
  • can be easily hydrolysed to soluble sugars
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11
Q

How does the structure of glycogen aid the function?

A

It needs to meet the superior energy demand of animals, so the long branched structure enables a quicker build up and break down of glycogen

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12
Q

How does the structure of cellulose aid the function?

A

Given their strength as they are made of microfibrils

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13
Q

How are microfibrils made? (cellulose)

A

When hydrogen bonds form as the straight beta glucose chains are laid next to each other, strengthening them into larger sub units

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14
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Joins 2 or more monosaccharides

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15
Q

What is released in a condensation reaction?

A

Water

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16
Q

What bond is formed in a condensation reaction?

A

Glycocidic

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17
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Separating of polysaccharides into disaccharides or monosaccharides

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18
Q

What does hydrolysis USE?

A

Water

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19
Q

What are energy sources for cells?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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20
Q

What are monosaccharides and disaccharides energy sources for?

A

Cells

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21
Q

What is the simplest carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharide

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22
Q

How many sugar molecules in a monosaccharide?

A

1

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23
Q

What monosaccharides are reducing sugars?

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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24
Q

What does the condensation of 2 monosaccharides form?

A

Disaccharide

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25
Q

What does the combination of 2 glucose monosaccharides form?

A

Maltose

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26
Q

What makes up maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

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27
Q

What does the combination of glucose and fructose monosaccharides form?

A

Sucrose

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28
Q

What does the combination of glucose and galactose monosaccharides form?

A

Lactose

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29
Q

What makes up sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

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30
Q

What makes up Lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

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31
Q

What disaccharides are reducing sugars?

A
  • maltose

- lactose

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32
Q

What disaccharide is a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

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33
Q

What is polysaccharide?

A

Long polymers; many monosaccharides and disaccharides combined

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34
Q

What are examples of polysaccharides?

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
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35
Q

What test can be used for reducing sugars?

A

Benedicts solution test

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36
Q

What test can be used for starch?

A

Iodine in potassium iodide

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37
Q

How do you carry out the benedicts test for reducing sugars?

A

Heat the benedicts solution with the sugar at least at 73degreesC

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38
Q

What shows a positive result for reducing sugars in the benedicts test?

A

The solution will turn from blue to dark red

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39
Q

How do you carry out the iodine in potassium iodide test for starch?

A

Mix it with the reducing sugars

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40
Q

What shows a positive result for starch in the iodine test?

A

It will turn from orange to blue/black

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41
Q

What carbohydrates contain glucocidic bonds?

A

Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

42
Q

What is the only part of the animo acid that distinguishes them from each other?

A

The carbon containing variable group

43
Q

What test can be used for proteins?

A

Biuret test

44
Q

How do you carry out the biuret test for proteins?

A

1) Add some sodium hydroxide solution to make the test solution alkaline
2) Add some copper sulphate solution

45
Q

Why do you add sodium hydroxide to the test solution when testing for proteins?

A

To make the solution alkaline

46
Q

What colour does the positive biuret test for protein show?

A

Purple

47
Q

What colour does the negative biuret test for protein show?

A

Pale blue

48
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

In a simple condensation reaction that releases a water molecule

49
Q

What are the bonds between amino acids called?

A

Peptide bonds

50
Q

How many amino acids in a dipeptide?

A

2

51
Q

How many animo acids in a polypeptide?

A

More than 2

52
Q

What are the 4 main functions of proteins?

A
  • enzymes
  • antibodies
  • transport proteins
  • structural proteins
53
Q

Explain enzymes as a function of proteins

A

They are soluble and have roles in metabolism and synthesis

54
Q

Explain transport proteins as a function of proteins

A

Transport molecules and ions across membranes

55
Q

Explain antibodies as a function of proteins

A

They are involved in immune responses

56
Q

Explain structural proteins as a function of proteins

A

They are physically strong with cross linked polypeptide chains

57
Q

Describe Collagen (6 points)

A
  • secondary structure
  • lots of glycine to help close packing
  • insoluble in water
  • has structural functions
  • fibrous (skin/tendon/cartilage/bone)
  • formed when superhelix’s form (3 polypeptide chains form then join to form collagen)
58
Q

Describe Haemoglobin (4 points)

A
  • tertiary structure
  • globular protein
  • contains iron
  • metabolic functions such as hormones and antibodies
59
Q

Describe the primary structure of proteins (3 points)

A
  • order and length of an amino acid chain
  • straight chain of animo acids
  • amino acids held together by peptide bonds
60
Q

Describe the secondary structure of proteins (3 points)

A
  • hydrogen bonds form and cause the chain to change
  • coils into alpha helix
  • folds into beta helix sheets
61
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of proteins (4 points)

A
  • further bending and coiling of chains to form a specific 3D shaped protein with more bonds forming
  • hydrogen bonds
  • ionic bonds
  • disulphide bridges
62
Q

Describe hydrogen bonds

A

Easily broken

63
Q

Describe ionic bonds

A
  • easily broken
  • stronger than disulphide bridges
  • formed between any carboxyl and amino acid
64
Q

Describe disulphide bridges

A
  • strong and not easily broken
  • formed when 2 molecules of cytosine come together
  • cytosine is an amino acid
65
Q

Describe the quarternary structure of proteins

A

Linking of several polypeptide chains to make a more complex protein

66
Q

Give 3 examples of proteins with a quarternary structure

A
  • haemoglobin
  • insulin
  • collagen
67
Q

What 3 types of atom do lipids contain?

A
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • oxygen
68
Q

In what 3 states do lipids exist?

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • waxes
69
Q

How is a triglyceride formed?

A

The condensation of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

70
Q

What process joins the glycerol and fatty acid chains together to form a triglyceride?

A

Esterification

71
Q

What bonds are formed in a triglyceride?

A

Ester bonds

72
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A hydrocarbon chain with an acid group (COOH) at the end

73
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A
  • no double bonds

- e.g. animal fats

74
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A
  • 1 double bond

- e.g. plant fats

75
Q

What is a polyhydrocarbon chain?

A
  • 2 or more double bonds

- e.g. plants

76
Q

Describe stearic acid

A
  • saturated
  • no double bonds
  • no kinks in chain
  • more H2
77
Q

Describe oleic acid

A
  • unsaturated
  • double bonds
  • kinks in chain
  • less H2 due to double bonds
78
Q

Are fatty acids soluble?

A

No

79
Q

Is the polar group soluble?

A

Yes

80
Q

What is the role of a phospholipid? (2 points)

A
  • make up the liquid bilayer in cell membranes
  • membranes that form the endoplasmic reticulum surround the organelles and separate the reactions that occur within the cells
81
Q

What are the 3 roles of lipids?

A
  • fats and oils
  • animals
  • waxes
82
Q

Describe fats and oils as a role of lipids

A
  • good energy stores as compact and insoluble, so can be stored in high concentration
  • release twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates
83
Q

Describe animals as a role of lipids

A
  • fat stored in adipose tissues around body organs
  • protects vital organs
  • provides insulation
  • aids buoyancy in aquatic animals
84
Q

Describe waxes as a role of lipids

A
  • waterproofing function
  • forms additional layer on cuticle of aerial plants to stop them drying out
  • in animals wax may be found on fur and feathers
  • in insects wax is found on cuticles
85
Q

What molecule is the polar group associated with?

A

Phosphate molecule

86
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Globular proteins that act as catalysts

87
Q

Why is an enzyme-substrate complex formed?

A

Lower the activation energy so the enzyme can catalyse the reaction

88
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Where the shape of the enzyme and substrate are complimentary and fit together nicely

89
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

The enzyme changes shape slightly to hug the substrate and form the enzyme-substrate complex and be able to catalyse the reaction

90
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity? (5 points)

A
  • above the optimum point the enzyme vibrates
  • vibrations break the weak bonds holding it together
  • structure of the enzyme changes
  • enzyme substrate complex can’t form
  • denaturation
91
Q

How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity? (3 points)

A
  • higher concentration = faster rate of reaction
  • only until all enzymes are working as fast as possible
  • to increase the rate of reaction further, you need to add more enzyme
92
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity? (6 points)

A
  • measure of its hydrogen-ion concentration
  • each enzyme has an optimum pH
  • major change = denaturation
  • minor change = decreased rate of reaction
  • pH change alters charge of animo acids that make the active site, so substrate can no longer become attached
  • tertiary structure may also break with extreme changes as the active site will change shape
93
Q

What molecule is the polar group associated with?

A

Phosphate molecule

94
Q

Is stearic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

95
Q

Is oleic acid saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

96
Q

Which fatty acid contains kinks?

A

Oleic acid

97
Q

Which fatty acid contains no kinks?

A

Stearic acid

98
Q

Which fatty acid contains double bonds?

A

Oleic acid

99
Q

Which fatty acid contains no double bonds?

A

Stearic Acid

100
Q

Why does oleic acid have less H2?

A

It has double bonds

Biology (21 decks)

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