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Biology > 11) Photosynthesis > Flashcards

11) Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 things are produced by Photosynthesis?

A
  • complex organic molecules
  • energy
  • oxygen
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2
Q

What 3 products of Photosynthesis?

A
  • complex organic molecules
  • energy
  • oxygen
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3
Q

What is the energy produced by photosynthesis needed for?

A

Processes within the organism

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4
Q

What is the oxygen produced by photosynthesis needed for?

A

Respiration

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5
Q

What is the thylakoid and its purpose?

A
  • pigment containing flattened sacs

- first part of photosynthesis (light dependant reaction) takes place here

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6
Q

What is the granum and its purpose?

A
  • a stack of thylakoids

- provide chloroplasts with an enlarged surface area for the reaction to take place

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7
Q

What is the granum and its purpose?

A
  • a stack of thylakoids
  • sites of light absorption and ATP synthesis during the light dependant stage
  • provide chloroplasts with an enlarged surface area for the reaction to take place
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8
Q

What is the stroma and its purpose?

A
  • gel like material that contains enzymes

- stage 2 of photosynthesis (light independant reaction) occurs here and uses these enzymes

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9
Q

What is the stroma and its purpose?

A
  • fluid filled matrix that contains enzymes

- stage 2 of photosynthesis (light independant reaction) occurs here and uses these enzymes

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10
Q

What is Autotrophic Nutrition?

A

The use of an external energy source to make the complex organic molecules that we call food

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11
Q

Which light is absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

White light except green, which it reflects

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12
Q

Which wavelengths are most strongly absorbed by chloroplast pigments, and what does this mean?

A
  • red and blue

- these are also the wavelengths that cause photosynthesis

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13
Q

What colour is chlorophyll a?

A

Green

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14
Q

What colour is chlorophyll b?

A

Red

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15
Q

What are the pigments other than chlorophyll a known as?

A

Accessory pigments

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16
Q

Where do accessory pigments occur?

A

Pigment-protein antenna complexes

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17
Q

What are carotenoids and their functions?

A
  • an accessory pigment
  • absorb and dissipate excess light energy
  • work as antioxidants
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18
Q

What wavelength of light does photosynthesis need?

A

660nm (red) to 440nm (blue)

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19
Q

What is the wavelength of red light?

A

660nm

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20
Q

What is the wavelength of blue light?

A

440nm

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21
Q

What is the wavelength of green light?

A

550nm

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22
Q

When could a low rate of photosynthesis be expected from a plant?

A

If the plant is placed into an environment where only green light is received.

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23
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

Chloroplasts

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24
Q

Where are lamellae found and what are they?

A
  • chloroplasts

- inner membrane folded into lamellae (thin plates) and stacked up like piles of pennies into granum

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25
Q

What are photosystems and their purpose?

A
  • an arrangement of photosynthetic pigments

- allow maximum absorption of light energy

26
Q

What holds the photosystems in place?

A

Proteins embedded in the grana

27
Q

What light is absorbed by carotenoids?

A

Blue

28
Q

What light is reflected by carotenoids?

A

Yellow and Orange

29
Q

What carotenoid pigment absorbs yellow light?

A

xanophyll

30
Q

What carotenoid pigment absorbs orange light?

A

carotene

31
Q

What are the products of the light dependant reaction?

A

ATP, reduced NADP and O2

32
Q

What products of the light dependant stage are used in the light independant reaction?

A

ATP and reduced NADP

33
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Splitting water using light

34
Q

What is the photolysis equation?

A

H2O –> 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 +2 e-

35
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gaining electrons

36
Q

In which photosystem is NADP reduced?

A

Photosystem 1

37
Q

How many electrons does NADP gain in photosystem 1?

A

2

38
Q

What is the light dependant reaction also known as?

A

Non-cyclic phosphorylation

39
Q

What is the light independant reaction also known as?

A

Cyclic Phosphorylation

40
Q

Wha happens in cyclic phosphorylation? (3 points)

A
  • excited electron leaves photosystem 1
  • electron travels through the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane
  • electron then returns to photosystem 1 in a cycle
41
Q

What is the purpose of cyclic phosphorylation?

A

Generates ATP when levels are low

42
Q

Where does the light dependant reaction take place?

A

Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts

43
Q

What is the process of the light dependant reaction? (6 points)

A

1) Light hits photosystem 2 and hits 2 electrons, which become excited and move out of photosystem 2 (ionises the chlorophyll in photoionisation)
2) Electron moves to electron acceptor, which channels it down an ETC
3) ATP is generated when the protons flow down a gradient through an ATP synthase molecule and the energy combines ADP and Pi
4) Light hits photosystem 1 and causes 2 electrons to leave (photoionisation) and reduces NADP
5) Electrons lost from photosystem 2 are replaced by photolysis
6) The 2H+ produced in photolysis attach to NADP

44
Q

Where does the light independant reaction take place?

A

In the Stroma

45
Q

What is the process of the light independant reaction? (4 points)

A

1) Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) contains 5 carbons and combines with CO2 to create an unstable 6 carbon molecule that breaks down to Glycerate-3-Phosphate (G3P)
2) This is catalysed by the enzyme Rubisco
3) The glycerate-3-phosphate is converte to triose phosphate using ATP and reduced NADP
4) Most of this is regenerated back into RuBP and some is converted into useful organic compounds such as glucose (sugars)

46
Q

Why do plants producing more chlorophyll b grow faster than normal plants?

A

More chlorophyll b = more ATP produced, so the light independant reaction occurs quicker, giving more energy to grow

47
Q

How many carbons are in RuBP?

A

5

48
Q

How many carbons are in triose phosphate?

A

3

49
Q

How many carbons are in glucose?

A

6

50
Q

What proportion of triose phosphate molecules are converted to RuBP?

A

5/6 (83%)

51
Q

Why does the light independant reaction slow down at lower temperatures?

A

The enzymes become less active and the reaction doesn’t occur as fast

52
Q

How is NADP reduced in the light-dependant reaction?

A

Photolysis produces electrons from chlorophyll which reduces the NADP

53
Q

Why is not all light used in photosynthesis?

A

Some is reflected off the surfaces and not all actually absorbed

54
Q

In what stages is NADP reduced?

A
  • light dependant reaction of photosynthesis
55
Q

In what stages is ATP produced?

A
  • glycolysis
  • krebs cycle
  • light dependant reaction
56
Q

In what stages is ATP required?

A
  • glycolysis
57
Q

In what stages is NAD reduced?

A
  • glycolysis

- krebs cycle

58
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

Provides energy to form TP from GP

59
Q

What is the function of reduced NADP?

A

Produces electrons for GP to reduce to TP

60
Q

Describe the role of chlorophyll in photolysis (5 points)

A

1) absorbs light energy
2) loses electrons as they become excited
3) becomes positively charged
4) accepts electrons from water
5) causes more water to dissociate

Biology (21 decks)

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