Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuro > 2 - Neuronal Synapses > Flashcards

2 - Neuronal Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

___ = where a neuron transfers information to 1 or more other neurons or a muscle

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 parts of the synapse?

A
  1. presynaptic terminal
  2. synaptic cleft
  3. postsynaptic terminal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which neuron conducts impulses toward the synapse?

A

presynaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which neuron conducts impulses away from the synapse?

A

postsynaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If synapse is neuromuscular, ___ or ____, the ions flowing through ligand-gated channels cause local membrane potentials.

A

axosomatic, axodentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if synapse is ____, presynaptic effects occur

A

axoaxonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission:
1. action potential comes to the ____ terminal

A

presynaptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission:
1. action potential comes to the presynaptic terminal
2. presynaptic terminal membrane depolarizes which opens the voltage-gated ____ channels

A

Ca+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission:
1. action potential comes to the presynaptic terminal
2. presynaptic terminal membrane depolarizes which opens the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3. Ca2+ flows in and frees Ca2+ stored inside the cell - vesicles containing ____ are triggered to move toward release site on presynaptic membrane

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Steps of synaptic transmission
1. action potential comes to the presynaptic terminal
2. presynaptic terminal membrane depolarizes which opens the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
3. Ca2+ flows in and frees Ca2+ stored inside the cell - vesicles containing neurotransmitters are triggered to move toward release site on presynaptic membrane
4. vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into ___ ___
5. neurotransmitter spreads across cleft
6. neurotransmitter that touches matching ___ ___ then binds to it
7. postsynaptic receptor alters its ___ and opens associated ___ ___ or triggers associated ___ ___

A

synaptic cleft
postsynaptic receptor
ion channel
intracellular messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

each neuron can have different ___ of inputs in each region

A

numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Strong excitatory stimuli in presynaptic neuron leads to ____ APs

A

more! - does NOT make APs stronger, just makes more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does the total number of AP’s that reach the presynaptic terminal directly relate to amount of neurotransmitter released?

A

yes!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When stimulation duration is longer in presynaptic cell, the series of AP’s is ____

A

longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

__ __: local changes in ion concentrations across the postsynaptic membrane

A

postsynaptic potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ postsynaptic potential:
- local depolarization occurs with flow of Na+ and Ca2+ into neuron
- summation facilitates AP generation
- common throughout CNS and PNS

A

excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential:
- local depolarization occurs with flow of ___ or ___ into neuron
- summation of EPSP’s facilitates AP generation
- common throughout ___ and ____

A

Na+, Ca2+
CNS, PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

____ postsynaptic potential:
- local hyperpolarization occurs with influx of Cl- into or K+ out of the neuron
- summation with EPSPs determines if AP is generated or not

A

Inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential:
- local hyperpolarization occurs influx of ___ into or ___ out of neuron
- summation with EPSPs determines if AP is generated or not

A

Cl-, K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___:
- 1st presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that causes slight local depolarization of 2nd neuron’s presynaptic terminal
- when AP’s arrive, AP duration increases allowing more Ca2+ influx and vesicles of neurotransmitter to move and be released

A

facilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Facilitation:
- 1st presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that causes slight local ____ of 2nd neurons presynaptic terminal
- when APs arrive, AP duration increases allowing more ___ influx and vesicles of neurotransmitter to move and be released

A

depolarization
Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

___:
- 1st causes slight local hyperpolarization
- When APs arrive, AP duration decreases allowing less Ca2+ influx and less neurotransmitter release

A

inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Inhibition:
- 1st causes slight local ____
- when APs arrive, AP duration decreases allowing less ____ influx and less neurotransmitter release

A

hyperpolarization
Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2 types of neuromessengers?

A

neurotransmitters, neuromodulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

are neuromessengers facilitative, inhibitory or could be both?

A

both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Neurotransmitters location of action?

A

synapse

27
Q

neuromodulators location of action?

A

extracellular space

28
Q

neurotransmitters method of action?

A

EPSP or IPSP

29
Q

neuromodulators method of action?

A

alter gene expression, open ion channels, change metabolism, affects many neurons

30
Q

neurotransmitters time?

A

ms to mins

31
Q

neuromodulators time?

A

mins to days

32
Q

The same chemical can function as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. the effect depends on what 2 things?

A
  • depends if released at specific synapses or into extracellular space
  • depends on what part of nervous system it is released
33
Q

Is the effect of a neurotransmitter related to the receptor it binds to or the chemical it is?

A

receptor

34
Q

ligand gated ion channels are also called ___ receptor

A

ionotropic

35
Q

G protein triggering of ion chennels is also called ____ receptor

A

metabotropic

36
Q

are ligand-gated ion channels fast or slow? G protein triggering of ion channels?

A

ligand = fast
G protein = slow

37
Q

G Protein 2nd messenger system:
____ is 1st messenger and ___ produced inside neuron is 2nd messenger.

A

neuromodulator, chemical

38
Q

G protein 2nd messenger system cascade of events:
1. cell produces neurotransmitters or other cellular products due to activation of ___.
2. opens ion channels
3. releases ___ to regulate metabolism and other processes

A

genes, Ca2+

39
Q

___: drugs that bind to receptors and copy actions of neurotranmitter

A

agonists

40
Q

___: drugs that block binding of neurotransmitters to receptors, drugs that inhibit release of neurotransmitters in presynaptic neurons

A

antagonists

41
Q

Acetylcholine is produced in __ ___ and ____

A

basal forebrain, midbrain

42
Q

3 places of acetylcholines effect?

A
  1. skeletal muscles
  2. autonomic nervous system
  3. brain
43
Q

Acetylcholine effects on skeletal muscles:
- ALL skeletal muscles use Ach to elicit ___-acting effects on muscle membranes
-it is ___ neurotransmitter found in neuromuscular junctions to promote muscle contractions
- blocking Ach receptors causes weakness, fatigue, or paralysis - what disease destroys Ach receptors?

A

fast, excitatory, myasthenia gravis

44
Q

Ach effect on autonomic nervous system:
- ___ HR
- __ pupils
- ____ smooth muscle contractions and digestive processes

A

slows, constricts, increases

so works with parasympathetic ns

45
Q

Ach effect on brain:
- arousal, pleasure, cognitive function
- acts as __ neuromodulator in control of movement and attention
- impicated in ___ addiction and ___ disease

A

slow, nicotine, alzheimers

46
Q

___: principal fast excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS

A

glutamate

47
Q

___: neurotransmitter in virtually every brain region, neural changes with learning and development (neuroplasticity)

A

glutamate

48
Q

what are some diseases associated with glutamate?

A

changes in transmission implicated in chronic pain, parkinsons, schizophrenia, and neuron death in acute stroke

49
Q

what could happen with excessive levels of glutamate?

A

excitotoxicity and neuron death, epileptic seizures

50
Q

___: inhibits postsynaptic membranes mostly in brainstem and spinal cord

A

glycine

51
Q

___: primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS, especially with interneurons in spinal cord

A

GABA

52
Q

which two neurotransmitters?
- prevent excessive neural activity
- low levels implicated in seizure, unwanted or involuntary muscle contractions or anxiety
- alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants and baclofan mimic GABA
- huntingtons disease causes loss of neurons in striatum that use it with jerky involuntary movements and cognitive decline

A

Glycine and GABA

53
Q

where is dopamine produced in the brain?

A

substantia nigra

54
Q

___: affects motor function, cognition and behavior
- associated with reward seeking behaviors
- can be good for eating
- can be bad leading to addiction

A

dopamine

55
Q

all dopamine receptors are ___ messenger systems

A

2nd

56
Q

dopamine abnormalities seen in:
- ___ ___: not enough dopamine produced with bradykinesia and other symptoms presnent - precursors to dopamine given medically
- ___ or ____: signaling pathways - drugs that prevent binding to receptors to alter thinking also impact motor function
- excessive dopamine levels seen in cocaine or amphetamine abuse by preventing reuptake by presynatic terminals

A

parkinsons disease, schizophrenia or psychoses

57
Q

___: involved with mood, pain perception, arousal, motor activity

A

serotonin

58
Q

serotonin levels are ___ when alert and ___ during REM sleep

A

highest, lowest

59
Q

2 different types of receptors for seratonin?

A

2nd messenger systems, ligand-gated

60
Q

drugs for ___ may selectively block serotonin receptors to keep serotonin available

A

depression

61
Q

___ ___:
- endogenous examples include endorphins, enkephalins and dynorphins
- produced within nervous system and bind same receptors as opium
- receptors found mostly in spinal cord, hypothalamus and areas in brainstem to inhibit perception of pain

A

opioid peptides

62
Q

___: produced in brainstem, hypothalamus, and thalamus

A

norepinephrine

63
Q

___:
- released by neurons of ANS and secreted by adrenal glands
- responsible for vigilance and “fight or flight”

A

norepinephrine

64
Q

___ __: with tissue injury, it stimulate nerve endings at injury site

A

substance P

Neuro (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions