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Neuro > 1 - Intro to Neuroanatomy & Neurocytology > Flashcards

1 - Intro to Neuroanatomy & Neurocytology Flashcards

1
Q

2 cell types: ____ (nerve cells) and ___ (non-neuronal cells)

A

neurons, glia

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2
Q

____: anatomical and functional units for signal transmission

A

neurons

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3
Q

____: supportive structural matrix, maintains homeostasis, nourishment, regulation of neuronal functions

A

glia

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4
Q

4 anatomical components of neuron?

A
  1. dendrites
  2. soma (cell body)
  3. axon
  4. presynaptic axon terminal
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5
Q

do dendrites send or receive signals?

A

receive

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6
Q

do axons send or receive signals?

A

send

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7
Q

____ neurons: 1 dendrite root and 1 axon with cell body central to those

A

bipolar

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8
Q

______ neurons: 1 dendrite root and 1 axon with cell body not in the exact middle

A

pseudounipolar (subclass of bipolar)

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9
Q

_____ neurons: multiple dendrites & 1 axon

A

multipolar (most common)

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10
Q

3 functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. motor neurons
  2. sensory neurons
  3. interneurons
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11
Q

___: supporting cells, “glue” of nervous system

A

glia

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12
Q

3 types of macroglia?

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. schwann cells
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13
Q

astrocytes found in CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes found in CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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15
Q

schwann cells found in CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

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16
Q

____: star shaped cells that include neuronal signaling (liaison, communications, pathways for neuronal migration), housekeeping, nutritive functions for neurons

A

astrocytes

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17
Q

_____: form myelin sheath in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

____: form myelin sheath in PNS

A

schwann cells

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19
Q

_____: type of glial cells that work as immune system of CNS, function as phagocytes, activate during nervous system development, activate after injury or infection

A

microglia

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20
Q

3 types of glial cells?

A

glia, macroglia, microglia

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21
Q

____ is effective insulator, shielding neurons from extracellular environment, and helps speed up transmission

A

myelin

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22
Q

4 steps in sequence of events for neural transmission?

A
  1. receptor stimulated
  2. local potential
  3. action potential
  4. synapses
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23
Q

___ potential:
- small, graded potential in amplitude and duration
- receptor or synaptic potential
- spreads passively and confined to small area of neuron membrane

A

local

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24
Q

___ potential:
- large, “all or none” depolarizing signal
- actively propagates along neuron axon traveling 1-way to presynaptic terminal

A

action

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25
Q

____: transports signal to other neurons by release of neurotransmitters

A

synapses

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26
Q

neurons have ____ ____ membranes

A

selectively permeable

27
Q

cell membrane is more permeable to __ than to ___

A

K+, Na+

28
Q

____ ____: separation of different charges across the membrane creating electrical potential (___ mV)

A

membrane potential, -70

29
Q

extracellular fluid is more ____ charged, intracellular fluid is more ___ charged when at resting membrane potential

A

extracellular = +
intracellular = -

30
Q

what channel?
____ (____): small amount of ions diffuse through membrane at slow continuous rate

A

leak (non-gated)

31
Q

what channel?
_____ (___ ___ only): opens in reaction to mechanical stimulation, temperature or chemicals

A

modality-gated (sensory neurons only)

32
Q

what channel?
______: opens when neurotransmitter binds to post-synaptic receptors, generating local potentials

A

ligand-gated

33
Q

what channel?
_____: opens in reactions to change in electrical potential, generating actions potentials

A

voltage-gated

34
Q

At rest, inside of neuron is more (-) than outside:
- inside with more ___ and ____
- outside with more ___ and ____

A

inside with more K+ and anions-
outside with more Na+ and Cl-

35
Q

Dynamic equilibrium of RP is maintained by:
- (-) charged anions trapped ____ neuron
- passive diffusion of __ and ___ thru leak channel
- Na+ and K+ pump requiring ____

A
  • inside
  • K+ and Na+
  • ATP
36
Q

Na+ - K+ pump: ___ K+ into cell and ___ Na+ out

A

2, 3

37
Q

Na+ - K+ pump: 2 K+ ___ cell and 3 Na+ ___ of cell

A

into, out

38
Q

when is it easier for the nerve to conduct, when depolarized or hyperpolarized?

A

depolarized

39
Q

Stim has to reach threshold of ___mV to produce action potential

A

-55

40
Q

will increasing stim intensity change amplitude or duration of AP?

A

no

41
Q

Action potential:
- actively propagates along ____
- repeatedly generates signal
- travels in ___ direction
- can be produced by ___ or ___ summation

A

axon
1
spatial, temporal

42
Q

___ ___ phase: more + from -70mV to +30 mV

A

rising depolarizing phase

43
Q

____ ____ phase: more - from +30mV to -70mV

A

falling repolarizing phase

44
Q

___ ____ phase: more - than RP at -90mV

A

re-setting hyperpolarizing

45
Q

depolarization: small change in membrane voltage depolarizes it enough to open ___ channels

A

Na+ (voltage-gated Na+ channels)

46
Q

Depolarization:
- small change in membrane voltage depolarizes it enough to open Na+ channels
- as more Na+ moves into the neuron, more and more Na+ channels open
- polarity rapidly changes to ___ from ___ to produce ___ ____

A

negativeto +, action potential

47
Q

Repolarization to hyperpolarization to RP:
- ___ channels start to close and ___ voltage-gated channels start to open

A

Na+, K+

48
Q

K+ channels are ___ to respond to the AP’s depolarization

A

slower

49
Q

Repolarization to hyperpolarization to RP:
- Na+ channels start to close and K+ voltage-gated channels start to open
- K+ ions exit and membrane potential falls toward RP from + to - toward -70mV
- K+ channels remain open leading to ____ membrane potential (below -70mV)
- gradually active _____ ____ the ions to restore RP of -70mV

A

hyperpolarized
Na+-K+ pumps

50
Q

what refractory period?
____: completely unresponsive to stimuli

A

absolute

51
Q

what refractory period?
____: most of Na+ channels have been open and not yet reset to resting state

A

absolute

52
Q

what refractory period?
___: may respond to stronger stimuli

A

relative

53
Q

what refractory period?
____: most of Na+ channels are reset

A

relative

54
Q

refractory period advantageous for promotion of ___ propagation of AP and prevent ___ flow

A

forward, backward

55
Q

3 factors influencing action potential conduction velocity?

A
  1. diameter of axon
  2. myelin
  3. temperature
56
Q

__ ___ __:
- placed q 0.2 to 2 mm
- location of AP generation and voltage-gated Na+ channels

A

nodes of ranvier

57
Q

___ ___: AP leaps from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

58
Q

___ occurs only at nodes of ranvier

A

depolarization

59
Q

___ conduction:
- AP propagates along unmyelinated axon membrane
- step by step depolarization of each part of length of axon
- as Na+ flows into cell, voltage of next areas is impacted and their voltage-gated Na+ channels open

A

continuous

60
Q

will continuous or saltatory conduction be faster?

A

saltatory

61
Q

____ ____ fibers: peripheral sensory and motor axons

A

large myelinated

62
Q

___ ____ fibers:
- short axons in gray matter of CNS
- some visceral autonomic axons
- some pain fibers

A

thin unmyelinated

63
Q

Action potential in muscle cell:
- resting skeletal and cardiac muscle resting potential is ____mV
- resting visceral smooth muscles are ___mV to ____mV
- muscle AP lasts ___ msec
- cardiac and smooth muscle AP lasts ____ msec

A

-90mV
-20 to -50mV
1-5msec
10-300msec

64
Q

Action potential in nerves:
- resting membrane potential is ___mV
- nerve AP is ____msec
- fasters nerve conduction is ___x faster than velocity over skeletal muscle fibers

A

-70mV
0.5-2msec
18x

Neuro (10 decks)

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