2. Media & Development Flashcards
What is the predominant media form for 0-11yrs
TV!! then tablet, smartphone, laptop, gaming device
What is media use research lacking?
measures including music–significant source esp. for teens
what caused increase in screen use
PANDEMIC pandemic either :(
which groups increased use the most and has it decreased
mostly in boys and low income youth and NO
what type of content do kids like?
content that FITS WITH CURRENT KNOWLEDGE
- understandable
- not too easy, not too hard
Which type of content do INFANTS (0-3) enjoy
- bright colours, striking perceptual features
- educational content
- cartoons
media that LOOKS interesting
eg: teletubbies
Which type of content do KIDS (3-12) enjoy
- more complex
- comedy
- gender-stereotyped
Which type of content do ADOLESCENTS (12-18) enjoy
- speed and variety
- social media
- reality/realistic content
(TINKTONK)
who watches the most reality TV
teens
spinach effect
adolescents stop wanting to consume educational material simply because it is educational
who watches for Entertainment & story
kids (2) -adolescents (3)
who watches for learning
infants (1) - kids (2)
- spinach effect
who watches for social connections
kids (2) - adolescents (3)
who watches for autonomy
adolescents
what is the video deficit?
Until 2.5-3 years, infants are less likely to learn from a screen than from a live interaction (difficulty learning from screens, particularly in complex actions)
DIFFICULTY LEARNING FROM SCREENS particularly complex actions
why is it difficult for infants to learn from screens?
Symbolic representation
explain Concept of “dual representation”
Things stand for something other than themselves – Ability to understand the screen is made up of representations, not filled with actual items
what age do infants understand symbolic representation?
3 years = very easy to understand (determined by the room scale model test–hiding things in room and etc.)
at what age are they successful finding toys on tv
3 (easy through the window)
ssooo what happens at age 3?
point of understanding symbolic representation
soooooo why don’t infants understand media?
cos they don’t understand symbolic representation
what happens when you make a tv look like a window and what does this mean?
Children thinking they are viewing something through a window seems to infer representational understanding changes with the medium
do babies respond faster to 3D or 2D
3 D BABY (also this might contribute to video deficit)
how does social connection impact learning
Babies tend to learn better on screens when there is a social component:
- social contingence (opportunity for a response to an action)
what improves learning?
having an adult present and characters that are socially meaningful
what do younger children focus on in media?
perceptually salient features → how things look, or sound (SENSORY PROPERTIES)
what do young children have difficulty in focusing on?
underlying conceptual properties (MEANING)
when does this difficulty subside?
age 6-7 (this is a universal feature of development)
inference
understanding the underlying MESSAGE or MOTIVE
when does inference appear to develop
6-8
what is perceptual reality
live-action is more likely to be deemed as real than cartoon (eg: superman vs. charlie brown)
when do children start to use content to judge realism?
by 8-9
role of identity in adolescence
- Search for identity an important hallmark of adolescence
- Use of social media → photographs, statements, personal descriptions
how many 9-18 year-olds have pretended to be someone else on the Internet (Valkenberg et al., 2005)
50%!
- Area to try out different roles
- Eg: older, more beautiful, etc.
- Often leads to preoccupation with social norms and what other people think about you
imaginary audience
belief that others are paying attention to you
personal fable
belief that you and your experiences are unique
what happens when you make a tv look like a window and what does this mean?
Children thinking they are viewing something through a window seems to infer representational understanding changes with the medium
what do adolescents desire
conforming to the norms of peer groups
how does brain development affect risk taking
- Prefrontal cortex underdeveloped
- Dopamine
- Lead to increased risky behaviour (problems prohibiting this behaviour)
- Increased interest in “risky” media content
- Eg: horror movies
- Increased “risky” media use
- Eg: sexting
what is the only form of media that does not affect sleep?
reading
GTE
Global time estimate (GTE)
- Respondents (e.g., a child or parent) answer a series of questions regarding the amount of time spent engaging in a particular media-related activity during the previous day or week
pros and cons of GTE
Easy to administrate, requiring relatively little work for the respondent
cons:
- IMPERCISE
- Prone to social desirability
Some adolescents may respond in an antisocial manner
do not provide information regarding the content of the media consumed
TUDs
Time use diaries
- rarely used
Over a 24-hour period, respondents record all of their activities, including those activities not involving media use (e.g., playing baseball)
pros cons of Time use diaries (TUDs)
More accurate
- Labour intensive
- Respondents frequently refuse to include activities that they would consider private (e.g., surfing the Internet for porn)
- Assess only primary and secondary activities; tertiary activities and beyond are not recorded.
- Noncompliance with the requirements of the task (i.e., failure to record an activity in the log) becomes compromised for events of brief duration, especially those that are recurring
Media diaries
- Modified TUD
- Ps easily record their media consumption by circling an answer on a user-friendly grid
EMSs
Electronic monitoring systems
ems importance
Go beyond GTEs, TUDs, and media diaries because they also record the type of content (e.g., the genre) consumed
best measurement
- When comparing media diaries and GTEs, media diaries clearly win out
- Estimates based on diary entries correlate the highest with objective recordings
Media multitasking
Media-related activities least likely to be multitasked by youth were TV watching and videogame play, with computer use being multitasked the most
Children and adolescents who media multitask have at least one of the following characteristics:
(a) They consume high levels of media
(b) the TV can be viewed while sitting at the computer
(c) the TV is “on” in the house the majority of the time
(d) they possess a personality characterized by sensation seeking
(e) they are female
why is gender a factotr?
- due to evolutionary pressures associated with being the “gatherer” in a hunter–gatherer society, girls are genetically predisposed to multitask
- girls may multitask more than boys simply because they consume more media that allows media multi- tasking to take place
- Eg: boys play more video games associated with less multitasking
Parasocial relationships
One-way interactions in which the individual feels an emotional, even intimate, connection toward a media- based character
Self-Determination Theory
media consumption can help fulfill three basic psychological needs, and in doing so enhance feelings of well-being (e.g., self-esteem, positive emotions, and vitality) in the user.
3 Basic Psychological Needs:
Autonomy
Competence
Relatedness
Catharsis
volatile pent-up anger and aggressive feelings are freed, thereby preventing future violence (playing viddy games)
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