2 markers

Question 1

Describe Social Solidarity

Answer 1

the integration of people into society through shared values, a common culture, shared understanding and social ties that bring them together and build social cohesion

Question 2

social cohesion

Answer 2

the bonds or ‘glue’ that bring people together and integrate them into a society

Question 3

functional prerequisites

Answer 3

refers to the basic needs that must be met if society is to survive

Question 4

hidden curriculum

Answer 4

concerns not so much the formal content of the subject lessons and examinations (overt curriculum) as the way teaching and learning are organised

Question 5

Particularistic values

Answer 5

rules and values that give priority to personal relationships

Question 6

universalistic values

Answer 6

rules and values that apply to all members of society equally

Question 7

meritocracy

Answer 7

is a society where jobs and pay are allocated on the basis purely of people’s individual talents, abilities, qualifications and skills

Question 8

human capital

Answer 8

the knowledge and skills possessed by a workforce that increases workforce’s values and usefulness to employers

Question 9

marketisation

Answer 9

the process whereby services like education or health, that were previously controlled by the state, have government control or local council control reduced or removed altogether and become subject to the free market of supply and demand, based on competition and consumer choice.

Question 10

false consciousness

Answer 10

failure by members of a social class to recognise their real interests

Question 11

ideological state apparatus

Answer 11

agencies that serve to spread the ideology, and justify the power of the dominant social classes

Question 12

habitus

Answer 12

the cultural framework and set of ideas possessed by a social class into which people are socialized and which influences their cultural tastes and choices

Question 13

cultural capital

Answer 13

the knowledge, language, manners, forms of behaviour, attitudes, values, taste, and lifestyle which give the middle class and upper-class students who possess them an inbuilt advantage in a middle class controlled education system

Question 14

subculture

Answer 14

a smaller culture held by a smaller group of people within the main culture of society, in some ways different but with many aspects in common

Question 15

anti-school subculture

Answer 15

a group organized around a set of values, attitudes, and behaviour in opposition to the main aims of school

Question 16

labelling

Answer 16

refers to the process of defining a person or group in a certain way - as a particular ‘type’ of person or group

Question 17

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 17

where people act in response to predictions that have been made regarding their behaviour, thereby making the prediction come true

Question 18

cultural deprivation

Answer 18

the idea that some young people fail in education because of supposed cultural deficiencies in their home and family backgrounds, such as inadequate socialization, failings in pre-school learning, inadequate language skills, and inappropriate attitudes and values

Question 19

elaborated code

Answer 19

sort of formal language used by strangers and individuals in some formal contexts where explanations and detail are required and uses a much wider vocabulary than the restricted code

Question 20

restricted code

Answer 20

is the informal, simple, everyday language, sometimes ungrammatical and with limited explanations and vocab, which is used between friends and family members

Question 21

positive discrimination

Answer 21

involves giving disadvantaged groups more favourable treatment than others to make up for possible inequalities they may face

Question 22

institutional racism

Answer 22

discrimination or unequal treatment in institutions based on ethnicity

teacher stereotypes and labelling often had a negative effect on Asian + black students in primary schools - example

Question 23

ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 23

involves subjects taught, activities, and the hidden curriculum at school being biased towards one particular culture such as concentrating on white British society and culture

Question 24

Tripartite Act

Answer 24

• Butler Act 1944 introduced the tripartite act to give give an equal opportunity to all students
• All pupils on equal chance to education
• Test assessed the aptitudes and abilities of pupils