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BDS2 BAMS Haematology > 2. Leukaemia and Lymphoma > Flashcards

2. Leukaemia and Lymphoma Flashcards

1
Q

Haematological malignancies result in (2)

A

Clonal proliferation

Formation of cancer cells

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2
Q

How do cancer cells form (3)

A

Uncontrolled proliferation
Loss of apoptosis
Loss of normal function/products

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3
Q

Causes of haematological malignancies

A

Abnormalities during cell divisions, specifically DNA mutations (translocation)

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4
Q

Types of acute lymphoid malignancies

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

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5
Q

Types of chronic lymphoid malignancies (4)

A

Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

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6
Q

Types of acute myeloid malignancies

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

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7
Q

Types of chronic myeloid malignancies (2)

A

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Myeloproliferative disorders

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8
Q

What are myeloproliferative disorders

A

Pre-neoplastic overproduction of blood cells/components

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9
Q

Definition of leukaemia (2)

A

Group of cancers of the bone marrow

Prevent normal manufacture of blood

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10
Q

Patogenesis of leukaemia (3)

A

Clonal proliferation
Replacement of marrow
Increasing marginalisation of productive normal marrow (marrow failure, organ infiltration)

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11
Q

Clinical presentation of leukaemia (6)

A 
Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
Bone pain (especially in kids)
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12
Q

Progressive symptoms of anaemia (4)

A

Breathlessness
Tiredness
Easily fatigued
Chest pain/angina

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13
Q

Signs of anaemia (3)

A

Pallor
Signs of cardiac failure (ankle swelling, breathlessness)
Nail changes (brittle nails, koilonychia)

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14
Q

Clinical presentations of neutropenia (2)

A

Infections associated with portals of entry

Reactivation of latent infections

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15
Q

Symptoms of neutropenia (2)

A

Recurrent infection

Unusual severity of infection

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16
Q

Signs of neutropenia (3)

A

Unusually patterns of infection with rapid spread
Response to treatment but then recurrence of infection
Signs of systemic involvement (fever, rigorous, chills)

17
Q

Neutropenia investigations

A

Unusual pathogens, usually bacterial (usually low pathogenicity organisms)

18
Q

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia (4)

A

Bruise easily/spontaneously
Minor cuts fail to clot
Gingival/nose bleeding
Menorrhagia

19
Q

Signs of thrombocytopenia (4)

A

Bruising
Petechiae
BoP
Bleeding/bruising following procedures

20
Q

Features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, ALL (3)

A

Results in a catabolic state (fever, sweats, malaise)
Lymphadenopathy
Tissue infiltration

21
Q

Features of acute myeloid leukaemia, AML (3)

A

Similar to ALL
Results in a catabolic state (fever, sweats, malaise)
Lymphadenopathy
Tissue infiltration

22
Q

Features of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, CLL (3)

A

B-cell clonal lymphoproliferative disease
Mostly asymptomatic
Usually slow progression, not requiring treatment

23
Q

Features of chronic myeloid leukaemia, CML (3)

A

Occurs in neutrophils and their precursors
95% of patients have ‘Philadelphia’ chromosome
Fatigue, weight losses eating, anaemia, bleeding, splenomegaly

24
Q

Definition of lymphoma (2)

A

Clonal proliferation of lymphocytes arising in a lymph node or associated tissue
Usually a solid tumour but contains some blood cells

25
Q

Types of lymphoma (2)

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

26
Q

Lymphoma investigations (3)

A

CT
PET
MRI

27
Q

Requirements of lymphoma staging (3)

A

Number of nodes involved and site
Extra-nodal involvement
Systemic symptoms

28
Q

Presentation of Hodgkin lymphoma, HL (3)

A

Painless lymphadenopathy (typically cervical)
Fever, night sweats, weight loss, itching
Infection

29
Q

Presentation of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, NHL (3)

A

Causes - microbial factors strongly implicated, autoimmune disease, immunosuppression
Lymphadenopathy (often widely disseminated)
Extra-nodal disease more common (Waldeyer’s ring)
Symptoms of marrow failure

30
Q

Definition of multiple myeloma

A

Malignant proliferation of plasma cells

31
Q

Features of multiple myeloma (3)

A

Monoclonal paraprotein in blood and urine
Lytic bone lesions –> pain and fracture
Excess plasma cells in bone marrow –> bone marrow failure

32
Q

Clinical presentation of multiple myeloma (4)

A

Infection
Bone pain
Renal failure
Amyloidosis

33
Q

Treatment of haematological malignancies (4)

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Monoclonal antibodies
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

34
Q

Haematological malignancies usually undergo the process of (4)

A

Induction
Remission
Maintenance and consolidation
Relapse

35
Q

Function of chemotherapy

A

Target cells with a high turnover rate

36
Q

Side effects of chemotherapy (5)

A 
Hair loss
Vomiting
Nausea
Tiredness
Risk of oncogenesis in surviving patients
37
Q

Function of radiotherapy (2)

A

Cytotoxic effect of ionising radiation

Irradiation of tumour cells and adjacent healthy tissue

38
Q

Advantage of monoclonal antibodies

A

Specific to cancer cell antigens

39
Q

Types of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2)

A

Allogenic (from liver donor)

Autologous (self-transplant)

BDS2 BAMS Haematology (6 decks)

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