1. Disorders of the Blood Flashcards
Functions of blood (3)
Transport nutrients
Removal of waste
Transport host defences
Blood composition (5)
Cell components Plasma proteins Lipids Nutrients Water
What are albumin and globulin useful for
Oncotic pressure
Types of blood investigations (7)
FBC/CBC RBC RCC WCC PLT - platelets HCT - haematocrit MCV - mean cell volume
What is HCT and usual value (2)
Proportion/ratio of cells to liquid
0.4/0.5
Types of blood disorders (7)
Anaemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Pancytopenia Polycythaemia Leucocytosis Thrombocythaemia
Definition of anaemia
Low Hb
Definition of leukopenia
Low WCC
Definition of thrombocytopenia
Low platelets
Definition of pancytopenia
All cells reduced (pan = all)
What can one of the following blood disorder be attributed to Anaemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Pancytopenia
Reactive change to the environment
What can multiple of the following blood disorders be attributed to Anaemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Pancytopenia
Bone marrow failure
Definition of polycythaemia
Raised Hb
Definition of leucocytosis
Raised WCC
Definition of thrombocythaemia
Raised platelets
What can one of the following blood disorders be attributed to
Polycythaemia
Leucocytosis
Thrombocythaemia
Reactive or pre-neoplastic
What can multiple of the following blood disorders be attributed to
Polycythaemia
Leucocytosis
Thrombocythaemia
Pre-neoplastic (myelodysplasia)
Definition of leukaemia (2)
Neoplastic proliferation of white cells
Usually a disseminated malignancy
Definition of lymphoma
Neoplastic proliferation of white cells
Usually a solid tumour
When would a blood transfusion be given (2)
One of more components of the blood has to be replaced quickly (trauma)
Bone marrow cannot produce enough blood cells
Indications for blood transfusion (2)
Blood loss
Specific production problems
Transfusion complications (3)
Incompatible blood (fever, jaundice, death) Fluid overload (HF) Transmission of infection (BBVs)
Components of haemostatic disorders (3)
Vascular component
Cellular component
Coagulation component
What is the vascular component of haemostatic disorders
Retraction of vessels (collagen disorder)
What is the cellular component of haemostatic disorders
Platelet number and function (aspirin and NSAIDs irreversible break platelets)
What is the coagulation component of haemostatic disorders
Adequate clotting and clot lysis (number and range of clotting factors, thrombotic/thrombolytic system balance)
When may blood disorders be assumed clinically (2)
History of prolonged bleeding after extractions/minor cuts
If purport, ecchymosis and petechiae are visible
Blood disorder investigations (4)
FBC (platelet number)
Bleeding time (platelet function)
INR/APPT
LFT (clotting function synthesis)
Definition of haemophilia (2)
Inherited bleeding disorder
Deficiency in FVIII or IX
Who does haemophilia affect (2) and why
Males
Females are carriers
Sex-linked recessive condition
Definition of thrombophilia and example
Excessive tendency to clot
Usually DVT
Why might thrombophilia be life-threatening
Pulmonary embolism formation
What can exacerbate thrombophilia (5)
Thrombo-promoting actions Smoking Immobility (travel) Surgery Pregnancy Medicines (oestrogen only contraceptive pill)
Definition of therapeutic coagulopathy (2)
Medical manipulation of the coagulation system
Makes clotting less likely
Function of therapeutic coagulopathy (2)
Reduce platelet adhesion and function (prevent arterial thrombosis)
Reduce coagulation cascade activity (prevent venous thrombosis)
Types of anti platelet drugs (5)
Aspirin Dipyridamole Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticagrelor
Types of anticoagulant drugs (5)
Warfarin Heparin Apixaban Dabigatran Rivaroxiban
Definition of porphyria
Abnormality of haem metabolism
Types of porphyria (2)
Hepatic porphyria
Erythropoietic porphyria
Clinically relevant types of porphyria (3)
Variegate
Acute intermittent
Hereditary co-porphyria
Clinical effects of porphyria (5)
Photosensitive rash (at any time) Neuropsychiatric disturbances in acute attacks (motor/sensory changes, seizures, autonomic disturbances) HTN Tachycardia May be fatal (Death
Triggers of porphyria (5)
Poorly understood Drugs Pregnancy Acute infections Alcohol Fasting
