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BDS2 BAMS Haematology > 1. Disorders of the Blood > Flashcards

1. Disorders of the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood (3)

A

Transport nutrients
Removal of waste
Transport host defences

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2
Q

Blood composition (5)

A 
Cell components
Plasma proteins
Lipids
Nutrients
Water
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3
Q

What are albumin and globulin useful for

A

Oncotic pressure

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4
Q

Types of blood investigations (7)

A 
FBC/CBC
RBC
RCC
WCC
PLT - platelets
HCT - haematocrit
MCV - mean cell volume
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5
Q

What is HCT and usual value (2)

A

Proportion/ratio of cells to liquid

0.4/0.5

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6
Q

Types of blood disorders (7)

A 
Anaemia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Pancytopenia
Polycythaemia
Leucocytosis
Thrombocythaemia
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7
Q

Definition of anaemia

A

Low Hb

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8
Q

Definition of leukopenia

A

Low WCC

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9
Q

Definition of thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelets

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10
Q

Definition of pancytopenia

A

All cells reduced (pan = all)

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11
Q 
What can one of the following blood disorder be attributed to
Anaemia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Pancytopenia
A

Reactive change to the environment

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12
Q 
What can multiple of the following blood disorders be attributed to
Anaemia
Leukopenia
Thrombocytopenia
Pancytopenia
A

Bone marrow failure

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13
Q

Definition of polycythaemia

A

Raised Hb

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14
Q

Definition of leucocytosis

A

Raised WCC

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15
Q

Definition of thrombocythaemia

A

Raised platelets

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16
Q

What can one of the following blood disorders be attributed to
Polycythaemia
Leucocytosis
Thrombocythaemia

A

Reactive or pre-neoplastic

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17
Q

What can multiple of the following blood disorders be attributed to
Polycythaemia
Leucocytosis
Thrombocythaemia

A

Pre-neoplastic (myelodysplasia)

18
Q

Definition of leukaemia (2)

A

Neoplastic proliferation of white cells

Usually a disseminated malignancy

19
Q

Definition of lymphoma

A

Neoplastic proliferation of white cells

Usually a solid tumour

20
Q

When would a blood transfusion be given (2)

A

One of more components of the blood has to be replaced quickly (trauma)
Bone marrow cannot produce enough blood cells

21
Q

Indications for blood transfusion (2)

A

Blood loss

Specific production problems

22
Q

Transfusion complications (3)

A 
Incompatible blood (fever, jaundice, death)
Fluid overload (HF)
Transmission of infection (BBVs)
23
Q

Components of haemostatic disorders (3)

A

Vascular component
Cellular component
Coagulation component

24
Q

What is the vascular component of haemostatic disorders

A

Retraction of vessels (collagen disorder)

25
Q

What is the cellular component of haemostatic disorders

A

Platelet number and function (aspirin and NSAIDs irreversible break platelets)

26
Q

What is the coagulation component of haemostatic disorders

A

Adequate clotting and clot lysis (number and range of clotting factors, thrombotic/thrombolytic system balance)

27
Q

When may blood disorders be assumed clinically (2)

A

History of prolonged bleeding after extractions/minor cuts

If purport, ecchymosis and petechiae are visible

28
Q

Blood disorder investigations (4)

A

FBC (platelet number)
Bleeding time (platelet function)
INR/APPT
LFT (clotting function synthesis)

29
Q

Definition of haemophilia (2)

A

Inherited bleeding disorder

Deficiency in FVIII or IX

30
Q

Who does haemophilia affect (2) and why

A

Males
Females are carriers
Sex-linked recessive condition

31
Q

Definition of thrombophilia and example

A

Excessive tendency to clot

Usually DVT

32
Q

Why might thrombophilia be life-threatening

A

Pulmonary embolism formation

33
Q

What can exacerbate thrombophilia (5)

A 
Thrombo-promoting actions
Smoking
Immobility (travel)
Surgery
Pregnancy
Medicines (oestrogen only contraceptive pill)
34
Q

Definition of therapeutic coagulopathy (2)

A

Medical manipulation of the coagulation system

Makes clotting less likely

35
Q

Function of therapeutic coagulopathy (2)

A

Reduce platelet adhesion and function (prevent arterial thrombosis)
Reduce coagulation cascade activity (prevent venous thrombosis)

36
Q

Types of anti platelet drugs (5)

A 
Aspirin
Dipyridamole
Clopidogrel
Prasugrel
Ticagrelor
37
Q

Types of anticoagulant drugs (5)

A 
Warfarin
Heparin
Apixaban
Dabigatran
Rivaroxiban
38
Q

Definition of porphyria

A

Abnormality of haem metabolism

39
Q

Types of porphyria (2)

A

Hepatic porphyria

Erythropoietic porphyria

40
Q

Clinically relevant types of porphyria (3)

A

Variegate
Acute intermittent
Hereditary co-porphyria

41
Q

Clinical effects of porphyria (5)

A 
Photosensitive rash (at any time)
Neuropsychiatric disturbances in acute attacks (motor/sensory changes, seizures, autonomic disturbances)
HTN
Tachycardia
May be fatal (Death
42
Q

Triggers of porphyria (5)

A 
Poorly understood
Drugs
Pregnancy
Acute infections
Alcohol
Fasting

BDS2 BAMS Haematology (6 decks)

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