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phar 301 > 2: Lecture 6 > Flashcards

2: Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes period of inactivity

A

voltage gated ion channels of heart undergo a conformational change (instead of giving off action potentials)

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2
Q

What is P wave

A

Depolarization caused by atrial systole (contraction of atria)

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3
Q

What is QRS complex

A

Depolarization by ventricular systole (contraction of ventricles)

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4
Q

What does the delay window before QRS complex represent

A

Time for electrical signal in atria to move through bundle of his into ventricles

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5
Q

What is T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles

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6
Q

What is PR interval

A

Delay at atrioventricular node (AV node)

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7
Q

What are semilunar valves

A

Open up into the aorta or pulmonary artery

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8
Q

AV valves

A

Open when blood moves from atrium to ventricle to fill up ventricle

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9
Q

What do the 1st and 2nd heart sound represent?

A

1st–>AV closing
2nd–>semilunar valves closing

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10
Q

What is the SA node

A

Small collection of cells that initiate atrial systole–>causes rhythmic activity in the heart

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11
Q

Functions of AV node

A

Provides delay in impulse transmission
Protects ventricles from atrial fibrillation

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12
Q

Function of Bundle of His

A

Divides right and left bundles
Provides orderly depolarization of ventricles (damage can lead to ventricular fibrillation)

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13
Q

Causes of Arrhythmias and Treatment

A

1) Abnormal pacemaker activity
2) Impaired cardiac conduction
Treatment
Insertion of pacemaker (electrical device/act as defibrillator)
Electrical ablation
Some cases drug treatment

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14
Q

3 Ways to slow normal pacemaker activity

A

1) Make resting membrane potential more hyperpolarized (more negative by using drugs that open K+ channels)
2) Reduce diastolic depolarization (by blocking SOME voltage gated sodium channels to slower rate of change of membrane potential)
3) Make a more positive threshold potential (administer drugs to change voltage sensitivity of different ion channels)

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15
Q

What is Delayed afterdepolarization?

A

Heart is working too fast and doesn’t have time to reset itself
Can lead to ectopic heart beat

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16
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Heart tissue death resulting in non-conductible scar tissue
Results in out of sync contractions (ventricular fibrillation which can kill you)

17
Q

5 Classes of antiarrhythmic drugs

A

1) Na+ channel blockers (Quinidine)
2) Beta blockers (Propranolol)
3) K+ channel blockers (Sotalol
4) L-Type Ca2+ channel blockers (Verapamil)
5) Miscellaneous (adenosine, K+, and Mg2+ ions), not widely used

18
Q

Main action of Class 1: Na+ channel blockers (antiarrhythmic drugs)

A

ex. Quinidine
Slow intraventricular conduction (increases QRS) and increase ventricular action potential (increase QT)
Selective for abnormal tissue
Slow intraventricular conduction only

19
Q

Main action of Class 2: Beta-blockers (antiarrhythmic drugs)

A

ex. Propranolol
Slow AV conduction and prolong PR interval

20
Q

Main action of Class 3: K+ channel blockers (antiarrhythmic drugs)

A

ex. Sotalol
Prolong ventricular action potential and prolong PR interval

21
Q

Main action of Class 4: L-Type Ca2+ channel blockers (antiarrhythmic drugs)

A

ex. Verapamil
Slow AV conduction and prolong the PR interval (like beta blockers)

22
Q

What is Type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin-dependent/Juvenile onset diabetes (10%)
Body fails to produce insulin in pancreas, requires insulin injections
Take Metformin (hypoglycemic drug)

23
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin resistant/Adult onset diabetes (80-90%)
Inability of cells to use insulin, can be combined with insulin deficiency
Tied to lifestyle and obesity

24
Q

What is Diabetic macrovascular disease?

A

Accelerated atherosclerosis involving aorta, medium, and large arteries
Consequences: myocardial infarction and gangrene of lower extremities

25
Q

What is Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A

Vascular lesion associated with hypertension
More prevalent and severe in diabetics
Amorphous hyaline thickening of the arterial walls with narrowing of lumen

26
Q

What is diabetic microangiopathy

A

Diffuse thickening of basement membranes of capillaries
Most consistent morphologic features of diabetes
Most evident in capillaries of skin, skeletal muscle, retina, renal glomeruli and medulla

27
Q

Which cardiovascular drugs can cause hyperglycemia by inhibiting insulin secretion and how

A

Clonidine and Ca2+ channel blockers–>directly
Diuretics (depletion of K+)–>Indirectly

28
Q

Cause and Consequence of Arterial embolism

A

Cause: dilated left atrium in mitral stenosis, left ventricle after myocardial infarct
Consequence: May lodge in femoral artery to cause sudden critical ischemia of lower limb/branch of circle of Willis in brain–>causing stroke

29
Q

Cause and Consequence of Venous embolism

A

Cause: deep vein thrombosis of calf or thigh
Consequence: block pulmonary trunk or major pulmonary arteries

phar 301 (23 decks)

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