2: Lecture 1

Question 1

What is Hypertension?

Answer 1

*When blood pressure is too HIGH
*Entry point of cardiovascular disease
*Can be asymptomatic

Question 2

Broad treatment for Hypertension

Answer 2

*Sympathoplegic drugs
*Diuretics
*Vasodilators
*Angiotensin antagonists

Question 3

What is Myocardial Ischemia?

Answer 3

Heart is not receiving enough oxygen

Question 4

Broad treatment for Myocardial Ischemia

Answer 4

*Lipid lowering drugs
*Anti-coagulants
*Anti-platelet drugs

Question 5

What is Heart Failure?

Answer 5

*Systemic tissues not receiving enough oxygen
*Endpoint of myocardial ischemia and hypertension
*Form of systemic ischemia

Question 6

Broad Treatment for Heart Failure

Answer 6

*Nitrites
*Calcium Channel blockers
*Diuretics
*Angiotensin Antagonists
*Beta-blockers
*Beta-receptor agonists
*Cardiac glycosides

Question 7

Signaling of Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 7

Acetylcholine (aCh) on muscarinic receptors of smooth and cardiac muscle

Question 8

Signaling of Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

Adrenaline and Noradrenaline on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors on smooth and cardiac muscle

Question 9

Function of Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

Slows down heart rate

Question 10

Function of Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 10

Accelerates heart rate AND increases blood pressure

Question 11

Location and function of alpha-1 adrenergic receptor

Answer 11

Located: in peripheral blood vessels
Function: increase blood pressure

Question 12

Location and function of alpha-2 adrenergic receptor

Answer 12

Located: in CNS
Function: regulates release of adrenaline

Question 13

Location and function of beta-1 adrenergic receptor

Answer 13

Located: in smooth and cardiac muscle (main adrenergic receptor in the heart)
Function: increase heart rate and contractility

Question 14

Location and function of beta-2 adrenergic receptor

Answer 14

Located: in smooth and cardiac muscle (main adrenergic receptor in the trachea)
Function: causes bronchodilation (upon activation)

Question 15

Cause and Solution to hypertension

Answer 15

Caused by excess sympathetic activity
Solution is antihypertensive drugs which target the sympathetic nervous system directly (not the parasympathetic nervous system)

Question 16

Mechanism of increase in Resistance

Answer 16

Increasing alpha-1 adrenergic activity (blood vessels)–>increases constriction of arterioles–>higher blood pressure
BP = CO x increased peripheral vascular resistance

Question 17

Mechanism of increase in Capacitance

Answer 17

Capacitances–>ability of veins to store blood
Increasing capacitance–>increases amount of blood in capacitance venules–>decreases venous return–>decrease blood pressure
BP = decrease CO (more blood stored in venules) x peripheral vascular resistance

Question 18

Mechanism of increase in Cardiac Output

Answer 18

Increasing beta-1 adrenergic activity (in heart)–>increases contractility and heart rate–>increases blood pressure–>increases cardiac output

Question 19

Mechanisms of increase in blood Volume

Answer 19

Regulated by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (in kidney)
increased angiotensin II–>increases peripheral blood vessel constriction and resistance (also stimulates aldosterone release by adrenal glands
increased aldosterone–>decrease in diuresis (increase in water reabsorption)–>increases blood volume–>increases blood pressure
Very slow process