2 Know the structure and function of plant cells, tissues and vegetative organs

Question 1

2. 1.1 Draw a typical plant cell
3. 1.2 State the function of:
4. cell wall,
5. cell membrane,
6. nucleus, vacuole,
7. cytoplasm,
8. chloroplast
9. mitochondrion.
10. 1.3 Describe where cell division is located within the plant - apical and lateral meristems.
11. 1.4 Describe how plants increase in size – cell division and enlargement (NO DETAILS OF MITOSIS ARE REQUIRED).

Answer 1

2.1.2 Functions

1.Cell wall,

1. encloses cell
2. gives cell structure
3. fully permeable,

2.Cell membrane,

1. Selectively- permeable
2. Some materials can pass through not others.

3.Nucleus,

1. The ‘control centre’ for all cell functions.
2. Carries the genetic material of the cell,
3. Plays an essential role in cell division

4.Vacuole

1. Membrane bound sac,
2. Contains cell sap.
3. Up to 98% water,
4. Store for amino acids and sugars
5. Store for waste products.

5.Cytoplasm

1. Jelly-like living material.
2. Suspended within the cytoplasm are:

a. Chloroplasts
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
6. Chloroplast
1. Small bodies, or organelles, which contain chlorophyll, necessary for the process of photosynthesis
7. Mitochondrion
1. Organelles that are the site of cellular respiration, the process that releases energy for cellular processes

Question 2

2. 2.1 State what is meant by the term ‘plant tissue’.
3. 2.2 Describe the characteristics and function of plant tissues
4. protective (epidermis),
5. meristematic (cambium),
6. transport (phloem, xylem)
7. packing (parenchyma)

Answer 2

2.2.1 Plant Tissue

A group of cells of similar shape and size which have the same function.

2. 2.2 Descriptions
3. Protective (epidermis)
4. Occur at the surface of the plant.
5. Form a protective layer covering the more delicate tissues beneath.
6. Lack chloroplasts
7. Meristematic (cambium),
8. Simplest plant tissue.
9. Occurs at the apical growing points of a plant
10. Lack vacuoles and chloroplasts.
11. Transport (phloem, xylem)

Xylem

1. Elongated lignified tubes
2. Tracheids, which conduct water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves

Phloem

1. Unlignified cells called sieve tubes
2. Convey food materials from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

4 Packing (parenchyma)

1. rounded cells packed tightly together
2. Fill spaces between other tissues
3. Maintains the shape of cells.
4. Contains starch
5. functions as storage tissue

Question 3

2. 3.1 State the primary functions of the root -
3. 3.2 Describe root types -
4. 3.3 Describe the difference between monocotyledon and dicotyledon roots.
5. 3.4 Describe the structure of the root and state the function of its components - internal and external structures to include drawings of transverse and longitudinal sections through a young dicotyledon root to show the following components:
6. root cap,
7. apical meristem,
8. zone of elongation,
9. zone of differentiation,
10. root hairs,
11. epidermis,
12. cortex,
13. endodermis,
14. pericycycle
15. phloem,
16. xylem
17. cambium.

2.3.5 Describe how the root is adapted to perform other functions -

1. storage/perennation,
2. tap root (Daucus)
3. root tuber (Dahlia)
4. climbing (Hedera)
5. support/prop (Zea).

Answer 3

2.3.1 The Root functions

• provide anchorage in the soil for the plant
• absorb water from the soil
• absorb minerals from the soil

2.3.2 Root Types

1.tap

Radicle develops in to a persistent and dominant main root

Taraxacum officinale

2.lateral

As the plant grows, secondary roots branch out from the original root

3. fibrous
4. adventitious
5. 3.3 Differences Between Monocot and Dicot Roots
6. 3.4 Structure
7. 3.5 Adaptations

storage/perennation,

tap root (Daucus)

root tuber (Dahlia)

climbing (Hedera)

support/prop (Zea)

Question 4

2. 4.1 State the primary functions of the stem -
3. 4.2 Describe the structure of the stem and state the functions of its components - internal structures to include drawing of a transverse section through a young dicotyledon stem to show the following components:
4. epidermis,
5. cortex,
6. cambium,
7. phloem,
8. xylem,
9. pith,
10. vascular bundle
11. and external structures to include
12. lenticels,
13. nodes,
14. axillary buds
15. apical buds,
16. scars (scale and leaf).

2.4.3 Describe how the stem is adapted to perform other functions -

1. protection: stem spines (thorns of Crataegus) and prickles of Rosa;
2. storage/perennation: corms (Crocus) stem tubers (Begonia) and rhizomes (Iris gemanica),
3. climbing: (Wisteria, Passiflora);
4. natural vegetative reproduction:
5. stolons/runners (Fragaria),
6. rhizomes (Festuca rubra),
7. stem tubers (Solanum tuberosum

Answer 4

2. 4.1 holding leaves and flowers in optimum positions and transport between roots and leaves.
3. 4.3
4. protection: stem spines (thorns of Crataegus) and prickles of Rosa;
5. storage/perennation: corms (Crocus) stem tubers (Begonia) and rhizomes (Iris gemanica),
6. climbing: (Wisteria, Passiflora);
7. natural vegetative reproduction:
8. stolons/runners (Fragaria),
9. rhizomes (Festuca rubra),
10. stem tubers (Solanum tuberosum

Question 5

2. 5.1 State the primary function of leaves
3. 5.2 Describe:
4. petiole,
5. lamina,
6. veins,
7. midrib.
8. Leaf shape, colour and leaf arrangement on the stem – simple, compound (palmate, pinnate).

2.5.3 Draw a dicotyledon leaf section to show the following components

1. epidermis,
2. xylem,
3. phloem,
4. veins,
5. palisade
6. spongy mesophyll,
7. cuticle,
8. guard cells
9. stomata.

2.5.4 Describe how leaves are adapted to perform other functions -

Answer 5

2. 5.1
3. convert light energy, water and carbon dioxide into sugar by the process of photosynthesis
4. regulate the rate of transpiration and control the transpiration stream and the uptake of water and nutrients
5. control the absorption and release of carbon dioxide and oxygen by the process of gaseous exchange.
6. 5.4
7. storage/perennation by bulbs, (Narcissus and Lilium)
8. water storage (Sedum),
9. protection by leaf spine (Berberis),
10. climbing by tendrils (Lathyrus)
11. twining petioles (Clematis)
12. attraction of pollinators by bracts (Hydrangea