1 Know the characteristics and the naming of the main groups of plants and their life cycles

Question 1

1.1.1 Identify the differences between conifers and flowering plants

Answer 1

1.1.1

CONIFERS

1. evergreen,
2. woody,
3. cones,
4. naked seeds,
5. perennials.

FLOWERING PLANTS

1. evergreen and deciduous,
2. herbaceous and woody,
3. flowers
4. enclosed seeds,
5. all life cycles

Question 2

1.1.2 Describe the differences between monocotyledons and dicotyledons, including internal arrangements of vascular bundles in stems and roots

Answer 2

1.1.2

Monocots V Dicots

1. Leaf Shape
2. Internal Structure
3. Cotyledons
4. Flower Parts

Question 3

1.2.1 State the reasons why botanical plant names are important.

Answer 3

1.2.1 IMPORTANCE OF BOTANICAL PLANT NAMES

1. Stability,
2. uniqueness,
3. internationally understood,
4. NO confusion over common names > plant id

Question 4

1.2.2 Describe the binomial system of naming plants

Answer 4

1.2.2 BINOMIAL SYSTEM

1. 18C- Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus.
2. Two names, a genus name and a species name, each plant has its own unique name.
3. The binomial system V succesfuly & adopted for naming other living organisms.
4. The naming of plants governed by agreed international code , The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature,

Question 5

1.2.3 State the meaning of the terms ‘genus’ and ‘species’ and state how they are written, with reference to THREE plant examples

Answer 5

1.2.3 Genus and Species

Genus

1. A group of one or more closely related species in the same family.
2. The Name starts with an initial capital letter followed by all lower case letters,

Species

1. A group of individuals that breeds naturally to produce offspring with the same characteristics.
2. The name is written in lower case letters .
3. Plant Examples
4. Hedra helix
5. Lavendera augustifolium
6. Quercus robur

Question 6

1.2.4 Describe the naming of cultivated plants

Answer 6

1.2.4 NAMING OF CULTIVATED PLANTS

The cultivar name

1. Follows the species name,
2. In single quotes,
3. has a capital initial for each word with the remaining letters in lower case,
4. Written in Roman type
5. Vernacular style

Question 7

1.2.5 State the meaning of the term cultivar and state how it is written with reference to three plant examples.

Answer 7

1. 2.5 CULTIVAR
2. A cultivar is a group within a species which has minor differences from the type species and has occurred and is maintained in cultivation rather than the wild
3. 3 Plant Examples
4. Fagus sylvatica ‘Zlatia’
5. Humulus lupulus ‘Aureus’
6. Panicum virgatum ‘Warrior’

Question 8

1. 3.1 Describe the stages of the life-cycle of a plant: seed,and their significance for horticulture.
   a) seed

b)

1. juvenile
2. adult
3. senescence
4. death

Answer 8

1. 3.1 Stages of the Life-Cycle of a Plant
2. Seed

The embryonic plant in the seed is waiting for suitable conditions to occur before it germinates.

2.Juvenile

The plant produces vegetative growth but has not yet reached maturity and cannot flower or reproduce sexually at this stage.

3.Adult

The plant has reached maturity and is capable of flowering and sexual reproduction.

4.Senescence

The plant is in decline, this stage precedes death.

5. Death

The end of the plant’s lifecycle.

Question 9

1.4.1 Define the botanical terms:

1. ‘annual’,
2. ‘ephemeral’,
3. biennial’
4. perennial’

and the horticultural meanings of

1. ‘annual’,
2. ‘biennial’
3. perennial’
4. 4.2 Define the botanical terms: ‘herbaceous’, ‘woody’, ‘evergreen’, ‘semi-evergreen’
5. 4.3 Define the horticultural terms: ‘tender perennial’, ‘half hardy annual’, and ‘hardy annual’.
6. 4.4 Define the terms ‘shrub’ and ‘tree’.

TWO plant examples should be known for EACH term.

Answer 9

1.4.1 Botanical Terms

1.Annual

germinate, grow, flower, set seed and die all within 12 months. eg Calendula officinalis

2.Ephemeral

Annuals which complete several life cycles per year EG Stellaria media (chickweed) and Senecio vulgaris (groundsel)

3.Biennial

A true biennial lives for two years. The first year’s growth is usually vegetative (roots, stems and leaves), and in the second year the plant flowers, sets seed and dies e.g. Digitalis pupurea (foxglove) and Dipsacus fullonum (teasel)

4. Perennial

lives for a minimum of three years, either herbaceous or woody

Horticultural meanings

1. ANNUAL

a)hardy Calendula officinalis,

b)half hardyLobelia erinus

2.BIENNIAL - Digitalis pupurea

botanically perennial but grown like biennials and when they have flowered once they are removed and allowed to die

3. PERENNIAL
4. 4.2 Botanical Terms

1. Herbaceous -

never form wood in stems or roots

1. Hylotelephium herbsganddfreud group
2. Echinacea purpurea (cone flower)

2. Woody -

forms wood in their stems and roots as a result of secondary growth and become trees or shrubs

1. Quercus robur - tree ,
2. Cornus alba - shrub

3. Evergreen

Plants retain green leaves throughout the year

e.g. I

1. ilex aquifolium
2. Bergenia cordifolia

4.Semi-evergreen

Shed most of their leaves in autumn but retain a few green leaves throughout winter

e.g.

1. Ligustrum vulgare (privet)
2. Quercus x turneri (Turner’s oak)

1.4.3 Horticultural Terms

1.Tender perennial - a perennial which cannot survive being frozen

1. Canna indica
2. Pelargonium zonale

2.Half hardy annual - survives temperatures to -5°C and is sown under protection early in the season (March/April) then planted out when the danger of frost has passed

1. Tagetes patula (French marigold)
2. Lobelia erinus (bedding lobelia)

3.Hardy Annual -can withstand temperatures to -10°C and can be sown outside in situ as early as March,

1. Helianthus annuus (sunflower)
2. Calendula officinalis (English marigold)

1.4.4 Shrub and Tree

Shrub - such as Cornus alba (red dogwood), naturally produce multiple persistent woody stems from ground level

Tree - such as Quercus robur (English oak), naturally produce a single, persistent woody stem from ground level