2. Is democratic reform a good thing?

Question 1

for what is procedural fairness theory used

Answer 1

inform analysis of citizens’ relationship with democratic authorities.

procedures are intemately related to decision acceptance

Question 2

causal flows for willingness to accept decisions.

Answer 2

there is an causal effect of: decision - percieved fairness - willingness to accept. Both of those steps can be influenced by outcome favourability.

1. outcome favourability may color fairness assessment, therefore indirectly affecting decision acceptance
2. outcome favourability may exert a direct effect on decision acceptance

Question 3

objective procedural arrangements

Answer 3

the actual methods that are used in decision-making, like voting or expert judgement.

Question 4

subjective procedural arangements

Answer 4

ndividuals assessments of how fair they believe the process was

Question 5

outcome favourability

Answer 5

extent to which the decision outcome aligns with personal preferences, shown to be the most influential factor.

Question 6

procedural fairness focuses on three qualities:

Answer 6

voice = the opportunity for individuals to present their opinions in the decision-making process (can everyone participate)

consistency = the absence of systematic bias in the conduct of decision-making authorities

dignity = when authorities recognize individuals’ status as respected members of society during interaction (taking citizens seriously)

voice is strongest predictor.

Question 7

conclusion on outcome favourability

Answer 7

it may intervene in the causal flows of interest.

acceptance of policy decisions is indeed influenced by the procedures.

subjective fairness assessments are linked to the decision acceptance.

but when they took outcome favourability into account, the conclusion is that outcome favourability is the dominant determinant of decision acceptance

Question 8

naive interventionism

Answer 8

the urge to do something and only considering the upside / benefits, and do not consider the downside / costs.

for example referenda, intended to increase trust in politics. Did not consider that referenda can have a negative effect as well.

= being naïve about the implications of policy

Question 9

iatrogenics

Answer 9

harm by the healers.

–> naïve interventionism is purely the urge to do something. Iatrogenics is more about the consequences of naïve interventionism.

Question 10

fabian procrastination

Answer 10

procrastination can help you / is good.

difference from classic procrastination is that Fabian procrastination is a ‘wait-and-see’ method. Sometimes the ‘wait-and-see’ approach also monitors.

so you are not intervening / engaging, but monitoring.

Question 11

principal - agent problem & iatrogenics

Answer 11

principal makes decisions on behalf of the citizens, but the principal has different incentives than citizens.

–> iatrogenics occur when for example doctors have an interest in money, and citizens have an interest in being cured.

Question 12

catalyst-cause confusion

Answer 12

catalysts are being confused with causes. There is a final straw, but that is a catalyst, not a cause of the problem. The cause is the fragile system, or another deeper cause.

Question 13

when is reform needed

Answer 13

concentration, size, speed (crisis)

Question 14

noise and signals

Answer 14

noise is what you are supposed to ignore

signals are what you need.

noise is a generalization beyond the actual sound to describe random information that is totally useless for any purpose and that you need to clean up to make sense of what you are listening to.