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Physiology > 2. Intro to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

2. Intro to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

building block of nervous system

A

neuron; they are arranged to form different structures

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2
Q

groups of neurons are called

A

nuclei

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3
Q

cells are which type of matter

A

gray matter (appearance in dissection; cells appear gray)

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4
Q

axons are which type of matter

A

white matter (fibers, appear white in dissections)

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5
Q

groups of axons interconnecting different parts of the brain

A

tracts

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6
Q

a branch of a single axon

A

collateral

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7
Q

tracts crossing from one side of the brain to the other

A

decussate

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8
Q

if neurons in one structure have axons that go to a second structure, the first structure is said to __ to the second

A

project

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9
Q

an axon that divides into 2 branches __

A

bifurcates

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10
Q

SAME DAVE

A

sensory = afferent = info enters dorsal
motor = efferent = signals leave ventral

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11
Q

7 major divisions of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

A
  • spinal cord
  • medulla (brain stem)
  • pons (brain stem)
  • cerebellum (brain stem - some sources don’t)
  • midbrain (brain stem)
  • diencephalon
  • cerebral hemisphere
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12
Q

cerebral hemispheres contain

A

cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

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13
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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14
Q

sulci

A

infoldings on brain

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15
Q

gyri

A

surface folds on brain

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16
Q

different functions like vision, audio, motor are found or localized in different ___ regions

A

cortical

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17
Q

visual cortex is in which lobe

A

occipital lobe

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18
Q

somatosensory cortex is in which lobe

A

parietal lobe

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19
Q

auditory cortex is in which lobe

A

temporal lobe

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20
Q

motor cortex is in which lobe

A

frontal lobe

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21
Q

cytoarchitectonics

A
  • examine sections through thickness of cortex under a microscope: fine structure varies across the structure
  • areas with different structure were given different numbers by Brodmann
  • some of the numbered areas correspond to functional areas (area 17 = visual cortex, area 4 = motor cortex)
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22
Q

cortex is arranged in __

A

layers (usually 6)

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23
Q

3 major cell classes in cortex

A

projection neurons, pyramidal cells, interneurons (usually GABAergic)

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24
Q

which cortex is area 4

A

primary motor cortex

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25
Q

what does area 4 do

A

programming and control of voluntary movement; important in control of the hands and fingers

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26
Q

area 4 is characterized by __ cells in deeper cortex called __ cells

A

large, Betz (a subset of pyramidal cells)

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27
Q

cortical efferent tracts: signals from cerebral cortex are sent to many ___ structures including multiple __ nuclei and __ __, and to the __ __

A

subcortical, brainstem, basal ganglia, spinal cord (corticospinal tract)

28
Q

how do the two brain hemispheres communicate with each other

A

corpus callosum: axons interconnecting the two hemispheres

29
Q

hippocampus stores…

A

memory

30
Q

basal ganglia does

A

movement and cognition

31
Q

3 components of basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen (striatum)
  • globus pallidus
32
Q

basal ganglia associated structures

A
  • thalamus (motor region)
  • substantia nigra (SN; midbrain)
  • subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon)
33
Q

diencephalon thalamus

A

composed of subdivisions called nuclei, e.g. LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) and visual system

34
Q

diencephalon hypothalamus

A

regulation of eating, drinking, temperature

35
Q

midbrain

A

multiple nuclei

36
Q

cerebellum does what control

A

motor control

37
Q

structure of cerebellum

A

cerebellar cortex, white matter, cerebellar deep nuclei

38
Q

4 divisions of spinal cord

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
39
Q

brainstem efferent tracts: several brainstem nuclei give rise to axons that descend to the __ __ to influence __

A

spinal cord, movement

40
Q

where does rubrospinal tract run to and from

A

from red nucleus of midbrain to spinal cord

41
Q

where does tectospinal tract run to and from

A

from midbrain (tectum = superior colliculus) to spinal cord

42
Q

where does vestibulospinal tract run to and from

A

from vestibular nuclei of medulla to spinal cord

43
Q

where does reticulospinal tract run to and from

A

from reticular formation to spinal cord

44
Q

cranial nerves contain __ information from the head, __ signals to muscles, and enter/leave __ at different levels

A

sensory, motor, brainstem

45
Q

olfactory nerve

A

sensory - smell

46
Q

*optic nerve

A

sensory - vision

47
Q

oculomotor nerve

A

motor - eye movements

48
Q

trochlear nerve

A

motor - eye movements

49
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

sensory - taste
motor - face

50
Q

abducens nerve

A

motor - eye movements

51
Q

facial nerve

A

motor - facial expression
sensory - taste

52
Q

*vestibulocochlear nerve

A

sensory - balance and hearing

53
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

motor - tongue and pharynx
sensory - taste

54
Q

vagus nerve

A

motor and sensory - pharynx, larynx, heart

55
Q

spinal accessory nerve

A

motor - head and shoulder

56
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

motor - tongue

57
Q

motor and sensory functions of spinal cord

A

motor - control of muscles, reflexes
sensory - input from the body
all encased in bone for protection

58
Q

what neurons are in gray matter

A

sensory neurons, motoneurons, interneurons

59
Q

ascending tract

A

sensory information

60
Q

descending tract

A

motor information

61
Q

axons that innervate the body are the

A

primary afferent fibers aka first order fibers

62
Q

shingles are a disease of __ that cause painful rash and blisters. caused by __ virus, same virus for chickenpox, it is a herpes virus. virus lies dormant in __ but may reactivate as shingles. travels down __ nerve fibers and affects the __.

A

drg (dorsal root ganglion), varicella, drg, sensory, skin

63
Q

what activates shingles virus

A

conditions that weaken body’s immune system such as aging, cancer, or certain drugs increase the chance of activation

64
Q

motor innervation of muscle

A
  • alpha motoneuron (lower motoneuron; spinal motoneuron)
  • cell bodies in ventral horn, axons leave in ventral roots
65
Q

neurogenesis: most neurons are born as the brain is developing before birth. myelination is not complete at birth, it continues postnatally (motor milestones). there are two regions in which new neurons are born in adults:

A
  • hippocampus (important for memory)
  • subventricular zone (source of new neurons for olfactory system)
66
Q

motor milestones

A
  • 4-6 months: roll over
  • 4-7 months: sit up
  • 6-10 months: crawl
  • 9-10 months: pull to stand
  • 13-14 months: walk
67
Q

comparative neuroanatomy: different species differ in total number of neurons, in brain sizes, and relative sizes of different regions, especially __ __ and __. major subdivisions are all present. sizes of __ do not change, but numbers and arrangements do.

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, neurons

Physiology (14 decks)

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