- examine sections through thickness of cortex under a microscope: fine structure varies across the structure - areas with different structure were given different numbers by Brodmann - some of the numbered areas correspond to functional areas (area 17 = visual cortex, area 4 = motor cortex)

2. Intro to Neuroanatomy Flashcards by K L

building block of nervous system

neuron; they are arranged to form different structures

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groups of neurons are called

nuclei

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cells are which type of matter

gray matter (appearance in dissection; cells appear gray)

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axons are which type of matter

white matter (fibers, appear white in dissections)

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groups of axons interconnecting different parts of the brain

tracts

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a branch of a single axon

collateral

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tracts crossing from one side of the brain to the other

decussate

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if neurons in one structure have axons that go to a second structure, the first structure is said to __ to the second

project

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an axon that divides into 2 branches __

bifurcates

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SAME DAVE

sensory = afferent = info enters dorsal
motor = efferent = signals leave ventral

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7 major divisions of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

spinal cord
medulla (brain stem)
pons (brain stem)
cerebellum (brain stem - some sources don’t)
midbrain (brain stem)
diencephalon
cerebral hemisphere

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cerebral hemispheres contain

cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

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4 lobes of cerebral cortex

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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sulci

infoldings on brain

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gyri

surface folds on brain

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different functions like vision, audio, motor are found or localized in different ___ regions

cortical

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visual cortex is in which lobe

occipital lobe

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somatosensory cortex is in which lobe

parietal lobe

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auditory cortex is in which lobe

temporal lobe

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motor cortex is in which lobe

frontal lobe

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cytoarchitectonics

examine sections through thickness of cortex under a microscope: fine structure varies across the structure
areas with different structure were given different numbers by Brodmann
some of the numbered areas correspond to functional areas (area 17 = visual cortex, area 4 = motor cortex)

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cortex is arranged in __

layers (usually 6)

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3 major cell classes in cortex

projection neurons, pyramidal cells, interneurons (usually GABAergic)

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which cortex is area 4

primary motor cortex

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what does area 4 do

programming and control of voluntary movement; important in control of the hands and fingers

area 4 is characterized by __ cells in deeper cortex called __ cells

large, Betz (a subset of pyramidal cells)

cortical efferent tracts: signals from cerebral cortex are sent to many ___ structures including multiple __ nuclei and __ __, and to the __ __

subcortical, brainstem, basal ganglia, spinal cord (corticospinal tract)

how do the two brain hemispheres communicate with each other

corpus callosum: axons interconnecting the two hemispheres

hippocampus stores...

memory

basal ganglia does

movement and cognition

3 components of basal ganglia

- caudate nucleus - putamen (striatum) - globus pallidus

basal ganglia associated structures

- thalamus (motor region) - substantia nigra (SN; midbrain) - subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon)

diencephalon thalamus

composed of subdivisions called nuclei, e.g. LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) and visual system

diencephalon hypothalamus

regulation of eating, drinking, temperature

midbrain

multiple nuclei

cerebellum does what control

motor control

structure of cerebellum

cerebellar cortex, white matter, cerebellar deep nuclei

4 divisions of spinal cord

- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral

brainstem efferent tracts: several brainstem nuclei give rise to axons that descend to the __ __ to influence __

spinal cord, movement

where does rubrospinal tract run to and from

from red nucleus of midbrain to spinal cord

where does tectospinal tract run to and from

from midbrain (tectum = superior colliculus) to spinal cord

where does vestibulospinal tract run to and from

from vestibular nuclei of medulla to spinal cord

where does reticulospinal tract run to and from

from reticular formation to spinal cord

cranial nerves contain __ information from the head, __ signals to muscles, and enter/leave __ at different levels

sensory, motor, brainstem

olfactory nerve

sensory - smell

*optic nerve

sensory - vision

oculomotor nerve

motor - eye movements

trochlear nerve

motor - eye movements

trigeminal nerve

sensory - taste motor - face

abducens nerve

motor - eye movements

facial nerve

motor - facial expression sensory - taste

*vestibulocochlear nerve

sensory - balance and hearing

glossopharyngeal nerve

motor - tongue and pharynx sensory - taste

vagus nerve

motor and sensory - pharynx, larynx, heart

spinal accessory nerve

motor - head and shoulder

hypoglossal nerve

motor - tongue

motor and sensory functions of spinal cord

motor - control of muscles, reflexes sensory - input from the body all encased in bone for protection

what neurons are in gray matter

sensory neurons, motoneurons, interneurons

ascending tract

sensory information

descending tract

motor information

axons that innervate the body are the

primary afferent fibers aka first order fibers

shingles are a disease of __ that cause painful rash and blisters. caused by __ virus, same virus for chickenpox, it is a herpes virus. virus lies dormant in __ but may reactivate as shingles. travels down __ nerve fibers and affects the __.

drg (dorsal root ganglion), varicella, drg, sensory, skin

what activates shingles virus

conditions that weaken body's immune system such as aging, cancer, or certain drugs increase the chance of activation

motor innervation of muscle

- alpha motoneuron (lower motoneuron; spinal motoneuron) - cell bodies in ventral horn, axons leave in ventral roots

neurogenesis: most neurons are born as the brain is developing before birth. myelination is not complete at birth, it continues postnatally (motor milestones). there are two regions in which new neurons are born in adults:

- hippocampus (important for memory) - subventricular zone (source of new neurons for olfactory system)

motor milestones

- 4-6 months: roll over - 4-7 months: sit up - 6-10 months: crawl - 9-10 months: pull to stand - 13-14 months: walk

comparative neuroanatomy: different species differ in total number of neurons, in brain sizes, and relative sizes of different regions, especially __ __ and __. major subdivisions are all present. sizes of __ do not change, but numbers and arrangements do.

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, neurons