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Immunology > 2. Innate Immunity > Flashcards

2. Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Barriers of the innate immunity

A
  • Mechanical: skin
  • Chemical: pH of skin 5.5, stomach pH 1.2-3, vagina pH 4.5
  • Biological: eg. lactoperoxidase in saliva and colostrums
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2
Q

What are soluble antimicrobial molecules?

A

Amphipathic molecules: positively charged aa’s on one side and negative on the other side -> makes “wormholes” in the membrane
(Defensins)

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3
Q

Function of immature dendritic cells

A

Antigen uptake and processing

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4
Q

Function: Mature dendritic cells

A

Antigen presentation, costimulation, T cell activation

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5
Q

Where do we find dendritic cells?

A

Immature dendritic cells found in peripheral tissues, migrate via afforestation lymphatic to regional lymph nodes -> mature dendritic cells found deep in the cortex

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6
Q

Development of macrophages

A

Myeloid progenitor (bone marrow) -> monocytes (blood) -> tissues: tissue resident macrophages, recruited macrophage (-> classically/alternatively activated)

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7
Q

Function: M1 (classically activates)

A
  • Proinflammatory cells
  • Promote Th1-Th17 immunity
  • Host defense
  • Antitumor immunity
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8
Q

Function: M2 (alternatively activated)

A
  • Regulates wound healing
  • Suppresses T cell responses
  • Suppresses host defense and antitumor immunity
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9
Q

Apoptosis cells sends … signals

A

Find me, eat me, tolerate me

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10
Q

Three major types of I nnate lymphoid cells

A

Type I: IFN gamma producers (NK cell)
Type II: IL17 or IL22 producers
Type III: Producers of Th2 cytokines

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11
Q

Where can we find innate lymphoid cells?

A

Mucosa (gut, lungs), skin, adipose and lymphoid tissues

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12
Q

What kind of receptor does NK cells have?

A

Neither B or T receptor. Inhibitory and activating receptors.

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13
Q

One inhibitory and one activating NK cell receptor

A

Activating: NKG2D
Inhibitory: NKG2A

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14
Q

Explain frustrated phagocytosis

A

Eg. a parasite is too large to be taken up in the phagocyte -> phagocyte releases lysosomes to ECS instead

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15
Q

Process of endocytosis and phagocytosis

A
  • Endocytosis: receptor binding -> clarhrin coated pit -> endosomes
  • Phagocytosis: receptor binding -> actin polymerization -> phagosome
  • Golgi sending out lysosomes with hydrologic enzymes
  • > endosome, lysosome and phagosome join to form phagolysosome
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16
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Facilitation if phagocytosis by binding of antibody or complement protein to antigen

17
Q

What can we use to cleave the Fc region of the antibody?

A

Papain

18
Q

Fc gamma receptor

A
  • Bind IgG
  • Facilitate phagocytosis
  • May suppress the function of B cells
19
Q

Fc epsilon receptor

A
  • Bind IgE

- high affinity form is on mast cells and basophils -> plays a role in allergy

20
Q

PolyIg receptor (Fc receptor)

A
  • Bind polymeric antibodies (IgA)

- Play a role in the transcytosis through the epithelium of the mucous membrane

21
Q

Neutrophil effector functions

A

Phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs

22
Q

Intravesical killing- oxygen dependent

A

NADPH oxidase in the mem. of the phagosome -> formation of ROS -> direct killing of microbe inside the phagosome

23
Q

What is pus?

A

Live and dead neutrophils and tissue debris

24
Q

What disease is caused by phagocyte oxidase deficiency?

A

Chronic granulomatosus disease (CGD)

25
Q

Three major types of PPRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors in the membrane, secreted, or intracellular

26
Q

Types of membrane PRRs

A

Lectin binding receptors, NK cell R, complement Rs, toll like Rs, scavenger Rs

27
Q

Shape, morphology of toll like receptors

A

Horse shoe shape, leucine rich repeats, well known for PAMP recognition

28
Q

Intracellular PRRs

A

Nod like receptors (NLR)-> recognition of bacteria, RIG like receptors-> recognition of virus

29
Q

What is an inflammasome and what is it composed of?

A

Detecting PAMPs and DAMPs. Cytoplasmic multiprotein composed of NOD PRR and proteins like Caspase 1

30
Q

How is the inflammasome activated by DAMPs?

A

Signal from outside will cause eg. K+ efflux -> activation of NLRP3, ASC and pro-caspase-1 -> release of interleukins (IL- 1beta, IL-18)

31
Q

What are inflammasompathies?

A

Autoinflammatory diseases with a common feature; release of IL-1beta

32
Q

Where are TLRs located in the gut?

A

Intracellularly and on the basolateral side of the gut epithelial cells

33
Q

Examples of tissue resident macrophages

A

Kupffer cells, histiocytes, microglia, osteoclasts

34
Q

Recruited macrophages

A

Classically activated and alternatively activated

35
Q

Involved in the production of M1

A

IFNgamma

36
Q

Involved in the production of M2

A

IL-4, IL-13

37
Q

Innate-like cells

A

B1 B-cell, marginal zone B cells, iNKT cells, MAIT cells

Immunology (19 decks)

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