1. Introduction

Question 1

Stranger model

Answer 1

To destroy foreign cells/microbes and to tolerate self cells

Question 2

Danger model

Answer 2

Revised concept of immunity: Distinguishing between harmful and harmless (instead of self/non-self)

Question 3

Production of DAMPs leads to..?

Answer 3

Produced from dying/stressed cells-> acts on dendritic cells (APC) -> migration to lymphoid tissue -> antigen presentation to T cells

Question 4

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 4

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 5

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 5

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils and mucous mem. of associated tissues

Question 6

Antigen

Answer 6

Any molecule that provokes an immune response

Question 7

Epitope of antigen

Answer 7

A portion of the antigen that is recognized by a given T or B cell receptor

Question 8

How does B-cells recognize the antigens?

Answer 8

By surface bound immunoglobulin

Question 9

How does T cells recognize an antigen?

Answer 9

T cells recognize peptide fragments represented by the APCs on their surface MHC molecule

Question 10

Clonal selection

Answer 10

Once a cell in the recirculating lymphocyte pool encounter an antigen specific to its receptor it will stop migrating -> activation -> proliferation to form colony of several thousand cells

Question 11

Instruction theory

Answer 11

States that there is only one common receptor encoded in he germline-> specific receptors generated using the antigen as a template

(theory that came earlier than the clonal selection theory)

Question 12

Innate immunity

Answer 12

Inborn immunity which provides an immediate response

Question 13

Adaptive immunity

Answer 13

Acquired or developed during life

Question 14

Cells of the innate immune system (7)

Answer 14

1. Macrophages
2. Granulocytes
3. Mast cells
4. NK cells
5. Immature dendritic cells
6. Innate lymphoid cells
7. Natural autoantibodies

Question 15

Characteristics of the innate immunity (4)

Answer 15

1. Limited receptor specificity
2. No latency
3. No memory
4. Linear increase

Question 16

Characteristics of adaptive immunity (4)

Answer 16

1. High specificity
2. Latency (1-2 weeks)
3. Memory
4. Exponential amplification

Question 17

Cells of adaptive immune system

Answer 17

T cells, B cells and antibodies

Question 18

Phases of the immune response

Answer 18

1. Recognition phase: activation and blast transformation
2. Central phase: clonal proliferation and differentiation
3. Effector: destruction and elimination of the pathogens

Question 19

3 differences between primary and secondary immune responses

Answer 19

Primary: slow, low amplitude, predominantly IgM prod.
Secondary: fast, high amplitude, predominantly IgG prod.

Question 20

Cytokines

Answer 20

Small, soluble proteins and glycoproteins that have messenger and regulatory functions

Question 21

Pleiotropic effect

Answer 21

When one cell/molecule has an effect on many different cells

Question 22

5 features shared by the immune system and the nervous system

Answer 22

1. Complexity
2. Networking
3. Synapse formation
4. Memory
5. Cognitive