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ENDOCRINE > 2. Hypothalamus & Pituitary gland > Flashcards

2. Hypothalamus & Pituitary gland Flashcards

1
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

a stalk called the infundibulum

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2
Q

what type of communication occurs between the hypothalamus and the POSTERIOR pituitary

A

neural

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3
Q

what type of communication occurs between the hypothalamus and the ANTERIOR pituitary

A

endocrine

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4
Q

how can the function of the hypothalamus

A

neuroendocrine - due to both neural and endocrine communication with the pituitary gland

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5
Q

what is neuroendocrine function

A

when both neural and endocrine hormones are involved - e.g. the hypothalamus = stimulates the anterior pituitary to release endocrine hormones or causes release of neurotransmitters from poster pituitary

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6
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

at the base of the brain below the thalamus

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7
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

in a pocket in the sphenoid bone directly below the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what type of hormone is released from the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

neurohormones

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9
Q

what type of hormone is released from the anterior pituitary

A

endocrine hormones

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10
Q

what are the two forms of neurohormones

A
  1. tropic

2. non-tropic

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11
Q

define tropic hormones

A

hormones that govern the release of another hormone

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12
Q

where do all tropic hormones from the hypothalamus travel to and what do they do there

A

the anterior pituitary where they then governs the release of endocrine hormones - either the stimulation or inhibition

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13
Q

what are the five hypothalamic stimulatory hormones

A
  1. Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  2. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  3. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  4. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  5. Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
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14
Q

what are the 2 hypothalamic inhibitory hormones

A
  1. Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

2. Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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15
Q

which is the only hypothalamic tropic hormone that is not a peptide

A

dopamine - is an amine

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16
Q

what is the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system

A

Network of tiny vessels connected in series which transfer trophic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary - hormones are released from neurosecretory neurons at the median eminence - very short distance so rapid and dynamic

17
Q

What are the 6 peptide hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland

A
  1. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka thyrotropin
  2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin
  3. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  5. Growth Hormone (GH)
  6. Prolactin
18
Q

all anterior pituitary hormones are tropic except which one

A

prolactin - directly stimulates milk production from the breast during lactation (ie non-tropic)

all the others control secretion of other endocrine glands and have direct or indirect effects in promoting growth

19
Q

what is the feedback control for the anterior pituitary

A

negative feedback control with the hormones themselves acting as the negative feedback - links levels if sequential hormones together and tight maintains plasma levels within the correct range

20
Q

what are the three integration centres involved in anterior pituitary feedback control

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. anterior pituitary
  3. target endocrine cell/organ
21
Q

what kind of feedback does the anterior pituitary get from the target endocrine cell/organ

A

long-loop feedback

22
Q

what kind of feedback does the anterior pituitary send to the hypothalamus

A

short-loop feedback

23
Q

what are the two neurohormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary

A
  1. vasopressin (aka anti-diuretic hormone ADH)

2. oxytocin

24
Q

where are the two posterior pituitary neurohormones synthesised

A

in magnocellular neurons which have their cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus

25
Q

what are the steps of release of the posterior pituitary neurohormones

A
  1. hormone is made and packaged in cell body go magnocellular neutron
  2. vesicles are transported down the cell
  3. vesicles containing hormone are stored in terminals posterior pituitary
  4. hormones are released straight into the blood
26
Q

vasopressin main function

A

regulates water balance

27
Q

vasopressin release triggered by

A

increase in plasma osmolarity or decrease in plasma volume/blood pressure

28
Q

vasopressin site and subsequent mode of action

A

kidney collecting ducts - increased water reabsorption

vascular smooth muscle -
increased blood pressure

29
Q

oxytocin main function

A

milk ejection and uterine contraction

30
Q

oxytocin release triggered by

A

suckling or labour (baby head against cervix)

31
Q

oxytocin site and subsequent mode of action

A

milk duct smooth muscle -
contracts muscle, ejecting milk

uterine smooth muscle -
child birth

32
Q

what is hyposecretion

A

too little hormone secreted

33
Q

what is hyperscretion

A

too much hormone secreted

34
Q

what is hyporesponsiveness

A

reduced response of the target cell - relates to alterations in receptor for hormone, disordered post-receptor events or failure of metabolic activation of hormone, (where this is required for function)

35
Q

what is hyperresponsiveness

A

increased response of the target cell - could be due to permissive effects e.g. Thyroid hormone ++ adrenaline mediated lipolysis.

36
Q

what are primary disorders

A

where the defect is in the cells that secret the hormone

37
Q

what are secondary disorders

A

where there is too little or too much tropic hormone from the pituitary

38
Q

what are tertiary disorders

A

relate to hypothalamic defects

ENDOCRINE (13 decks)

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