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Globalisation > 2. Global Migration > Flashcards

2. Global Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What has an impact on cross-border flow?

A

Related politics e.g. Brexit

Not only of people, but goods and services too

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2
Q

3 Lines of argument

A

Economic

Rights-based

Political

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3
Q

Migration drivers

A

Emigration

  • Political and humanitarian crisis e.g. Syria
  • Economic crises and prospects

Immigration

  • Relative economic success and wage discrepancies
  • Accession to Diaspora
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4
Q

Emigration drivers

A
  • Political and humanitarian crisis e.g. Syria
  • Economic crises and prospects e.g. hierarchy, some are more eligible for migration
    e. g. skilled labourers, skillset country needs accepted
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5
Q

Immigration drivers

A
  • Relative economic success and wage discrepancies (often highly volatile e.g. Spain)
  • Accession to Diaspora, more accepted if a lot of people already there
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6
Q

Net UK Migration 2001-2010

A

225,000

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7
Q

Recent migration

A

Immigration higher than emigration

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8
Q

Impact of UK Immigration

A

Many convinced it is negative

This is dependent on levels of EDUCATION

Not the case that low or unskilled workers negatively affected

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9
Q

“The lump of labour fallacy” to be avoided, why?

A

Very clear that labour markets are very absorptive

The number of jobs in an economy is not fixed, fluctuate

Relates to work as a scare commodity

Number of jobs increases as more people enter

Weakness of policies the issue

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10
Q

Fluctuations due to

A

Periods of distress

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11
Q

Economic arguments relate to

A

National economy: Limited number of resources, jobs available to the households

Global market: Resources on a global level

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12
Q

Rights-based arguments:

A

People have the right to immigrate but also have the right to say no to immigration

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13
Q

Political arguments relate to:

A

Interests in particular distribution of resources and opportunities

Who has the rights to opportunities of wealth.

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14
Q

What is migration drivers?

A

Reasons behind migration

Influencing factors

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15
Q

(Manning, 2016)

A

Overall net economic impact on UK workers is insignificant

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16
Q

Anti-Immigration party UK

A

UKIP

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17
Q

Reduction in manufacturing jobs UK, low-medium skilled work

A

Growing concern of job insecurity, discontent

Changing landscape of economy, more jobs elsewhere as industries changing

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18
Q

Bottom 99% of economy

A

Wage share lost (Bengsson and Ryner 2012) add to discontent

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19
Q

Foreign workers as a % of working age population

A

Low in most European countries

Don’t take up a large share of jobs

Why do people think like this then?

20
Q

How has migration been framed as a problem?

A

National stable growth of heavily policed borders, access and eligibility of citizenship.

Growing generational expectations of stability and affluence.

Most research has taken affluent Global Northern destination countries as its starting point

Neglect perspectives of origin/transit countries and migrants.

Research funding and capacities are concentrated to the Global North (Castles, 2010: 1571).

Highly skilled considered valuable and celebrated while lower-skilled migrant workers are seen as unwanted (Castles, 2010: 1567).

However, perceptions of competition and complementarity matter, as well as education (Manning 2016).

21
Q

Castles, 2010 on perceptions of migration

A

Research funding and capacities are concentrated to the Global North (Castles, 2010: 1571).

Highly skilled considered valuable and celebrated while lower-skilled migrant workers are seen as unwanted (Castles, 2010: 1567).

22
Q

‘Expat’ vs ‘Immigrant’ language discrepencies

A

Expat: High skilled going from global north to south

Immigrant: Going from global south to north

Both are migrants?

23
Q

Global Political Economy of Migration

A

Examining the links between social transformation and human mobility

24
Q

Globalisation refers to

A

the increasing interconnectedness of people, products, information, and processes throughout the globe

25
Categories of migrants
Economic category today typically seen as negative, unless high-skilled labour. Political (refugees – negative, despite history of giving refuse to someone) category is challenged by receiver communities.
26
Labour Migration and the Historical Construction of Classes of Workers
Historically “free” peoples less constrained in its movements in the pursuit of food, that is those who were not kept as slaves. Invasion and displacement at the same time as borders were being erected around kingdoms.
27
Labour Migration and the Historical Construction of Classes of Workers
Historically “free” peoples less constrained in its movements in the pursuit of food, that is those who were not kept as slaves. Invasion and displacement at the same time as borders were being erected around kingdoms. Emergence of capitalism and formation of wage labour
28
Modern History of Labour Migration
Post-War Reconstruction, Decolonisation and the welcoming of labour to help rebuild countries Creation of welfare state: privileges, rights based on tax paid, who deserves what? Control of labour supply and rights as well as duties Trafficking and modern forms of slavery/unfree labour
29
Different types of migration, migrants and receiver community politics
a) international: transnationalisation of production, highly educated and mobile class b) regional: dependent upon regional integration, concentrated to high- and low-skilled. c) intra-national: urbanisation
30
Uneven global picture
Where people want to move
31
Without migration what would happen?
Population of more developed regions would decline, they don't want this
32
Why don't they want population decline in more developed?
Ageing population in global north countries Reduction in number of children born per woman Immigration can help resolve these issues
33
How can immigration help agin population?
Tend to be younger, working age Resource to help economy prosper and grow
34
Expected over time
Growth in mega cities in LDC Decline in large cities in MEDC
35
LDC not undergone industrialisation
Revenue made in exports falling
36
Fortress Europe
The right to life chances (political or economic reasons) The right to decline receipt of immigration Local receiver communities European migration management
37
Term 'Fortress'
Implies heavily fortified borders that deny the right to life chances Dangerous, coming for the sake of their lives Real grim reality of immigration
38
Fortress Europe
Populist politics, exploiting largely unfounded fears. Dublin II and “burdensharing” Frontex Cheap labour in a context of globalisation: Illegal labour and refugee labour
39
Dublin II and “burdensharing”
Burden negative word Countries become responsible for managing immigrants Point of entry often isn't where they want to end up
40
Frontex est 2005
Deals with necessity for policing of borders
41
Deny entry but
Economy needs them to survive
42
'American Dream'
Trump US-Mexican border to protect this No real relationship between labour flows and lack of opportunities Controlling cheap labour
43
Why Trump came into power
Those more in economic distress supported trump Played into his hands for US Mexican border, protect our people and labour
44
The USA/Mexico border
US military mission on the southern border which would see the deployment of 8,000 troops ‘Operation Faithful Patriot’, the Pentagon re-branded the mission as ‘border support’ - Vigilantes protecting their land vs. the ‘invaders’ Politically, economically, socially and emotionally charged; also a question of morals, values and ethics The idea that all immigrants are dangerous criminals is cemented amongst hardline Trump supporters and presented by Trump in speeches
45
Chinese Internal Migration and Immigration
China continues to experience greatest urban immigration in human history Extreme example of surplus labour economy both in the rural areas and in the urban areas. (Knight et al. 2011) Migrant labour scarcity and rising migrant wages” (Knight et al. 2011: 185).
46
Under Hukou -household registration
mingong have become both an urban underclass and the victims of social exclusion:
47
Knight et al 2011
The Chinese system of ‘floating’—temporary migration—will increasingly become economically inefficient

Globalisation (6 decks)

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