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Globalisation > 2. Global Gender Relations > Flashcards

2. Global Gender Relations Flashcards

1
Q

Gender refers to the

A

Social, cultural, political constructions of what men and women are like

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2
Q

How is gender wrongly used?

A

To describe biological differences

This reproduces inequality

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3
Q

Sexes vs gender

A

Sexes = biology

Gender = constructions

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4
Q

Feminism

A

Constructed from the viewpoint of those who have experienced discrimination and marginalisation

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5
Q

Women are a majority on this planet

A

But still a minority in terms of power

Largest social group

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6
Q

Feminist theories are

A

Bottom-up views of the world

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7
Q

Assumptions and constructions are perpetuated (Peterson 2005)

A

Some behaviours e.g nurture and love are either ignored or devalued as emotional behaviour (England 1993)

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8
Q

UK 40+ pay gap

A

Huge 14/15% (ASHE, 2017)

Office for national statistics

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9
Q

CEO’s and Senior management genders

A

30% women

70% men

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10
Q

UK Pay gap

A

19.7% pay gap

6th worse EU state

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11
Q

CEO and senior management pay gap

A

25-30%

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12
Q

Why is there a pay gap?

A

Unsupportive family policies

Discrimination

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13
Q

Feminist theories

A

Liberal- 19th Century

Historical Materialism- late 19th Century

Second-Wave Radical Feminism- 1950s/60s

Standpoint Feminism

Poststructuralist Feminism 1980s-

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14
Q

Liberal Feminism year and people

A

19th Century
Enlightenment and Suffragettes
E.g Emily Pankhurst and Eleanor Rathbone

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15
Q

Liberal Feminism ideas

A
  • Women’s relative status in society is a measure of progress in society
  • Societal position of women not ordained by god or nature but determined by society
  • Women like men are rational so have the right to be equal
  • The way they are perceived effects of discrimination

FOCUSES ON SECURING EQUAL RIGHTS FOR WOMEN

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16
Q

19th Century position of women

A

Confined to private sphere of home and family

Represented by the male as the head of the household

Women not allowed to work for a wage, confined to home unpaid labour

Marginalised from public life

17
Q

Historical Materialism date and people

A

Karl Marx

Late 19th Century

18
Q

Historical Materialism key ideas

A
  • Capitalism and private property are oppressive
  • Capitalism creates new forms of social discrimination and subordination
  • Distinction between paid labour and necessary SOCIAL REPRODUCTION of labour
19
Q

Issues with historical Materialism

A

Silent on women

Merely a conceptual framework for understanding discrimination

20
Q

Second Wave Radical Feminism years

A

1950s-1960s

Inspired by Marxist ideas but also contest them

21
Q

Second wave radical feminism key ideas

A
  • Critical of dominant gender roles

Introduced wider issues:

  • Sexuality
  • Reproductive rights
  • Working and social inequalities

Patriarchy = male domination has become institutionalised

Marriage reinforce roles of men and women: property of husband

22
Q

Standpoint feminism key ideas

A

Women and men occupy radically different life worlds
- institutionalised society discrimination, experience so different can’t talk about similarities

Gender identities forged through socialisation

Feminine should be celebrated- women’s experiences of nurturing and caring should be central to society

Unique experiences of women should be celebrated
Roles shouldn’t be criticised

23
Q

Issues with standpoint feminism

A

Attribute too much difference to biological

ESSENTIALISING

24
Q

Standpoint issue with second wave

A

2nd wave devalues feminine characteristics

25
Q

Poststructuralist feminism years

A

1980s

26
Q

Poststructuralist feminism key ideas

A

Look at everyday practices and how men/women given unequal access

No authentic women’s experience from which to construct understanding
- challenge biological sources of difference

Masculinity or femininity constructed through language, symbols, stories and practices that are woven into fabric of everyday life

GENDER IS DISCURSIVELY CONSTRUCTED AND IS IN CONSTANT FLUX

27
Q

What is social reproduction?

A

Women responsible for labour in the sphere of reproduction, creating and sustaining the labour force

Women support capitalism through home labour

28
Q

What are the three levels of social reproduction?

A

Biological

Reproduction of the labour force

Social

29
Q

Tepe-Belfrage 2012 social reproduction

A

Privatisation allows labour to be exploited, disguised behind ideas of naturalness or sexual division of labour and depending on men

30
Q

Social reproduction is more than just physical

A

Social care work necessary for biological reproduction and reproduction of human labour

31
Q

What work is under social reproduction?

A

Maternity

Childcare

Reproduction of social and cultural values of society

UNWAGED

32
Q

Women tend to dominate child care work

A

Poorly paid

Difficult to put market value on their worth

33
Q

Cost of childcare more than wage?

A

Government enables women to go back to work with subsidies

34
Q

Blyth 2013

A

Leaves gender out of austerity as a class issue

Cuts affect women more

35
Q

Social reproduction policies

A

Supportive and flexible family policy in care arrangements

Role of man in care work sharing partnership involves men

Paid work vs non paid (home)

36
Q

Why is there a significant gender pay gap?

A

Women tend to take career breaks to care for others

‘Glass ceiling’ what women should/shouldn’t do

Discrimination

Undertake more unpaid work e.g household

37
Q

Division of household labour in UK (Szelewa 2013)

A

Women do 1 hr 55 mins more than men

Italy is worse at 3 hr 50 mins

38
Q

Paternity leave average payment

A

20% across UK

NO INCENTIVE

Better financially to keep father working

39
Q

Average paternity leave taken in EU counties

A

12% of total available taken

Failure of family policy

Globalisation (6 decks)

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