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PS1030 - Self and Society > 2. Freud > Flashcards

2. Freud Flashcards

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1
Q

Freud was the founder of ____analytic theory

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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2
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory?

A

The discipline of understanding the human
Many applications including psychopathology
Psychoanalysis

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3
Q

What are the main criticisms of Freud’s work?

A

Difficult to test/replicate
Very sexist ideas
Sexual motivation is overly stressed & therefore ignores a lot of social aspects
Most of his theory is based on case studies

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4
Q

Freud’s theory of personality is compromised of….

A

Nature of human beings and the source of human motivation
Structure of personality
Development of personality
Levels of consciousness

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5
Q

Describe Freud’s ideas of our two basic drives

A 
We have 2 basic drives:
Life instinct (eros) which is the drive for survival, pleasure and reproduction 
Death instinct (Thanatos) which is that we are self-destructive and have an unconscious drive to die
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6
Q

What are the 3 basic structures of personality according to Freud?

A

The id, ego and superego

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7
Q

Describe the characteristics of the id

A

Raw, uninhibited, instinctual energy and the source of all our cravings, impulses and drives
Guided by the pleasure principle
The other structure present at birth

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics of the ego

A

The executive part of personality interested in planning, thinking and organising
Acts as a mediator between the id and the outside world
Guided by the reality principle
Helps to achieve the id’s desire through long term planning

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9
Q

Describe the characteristics of the superego

A

The conscience

Makes judgements about right/wrong, internalised parental attitudes

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10
Q

Conflict of interactions between our personality structures can cause what?

A

Issues, such as, anxiety

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11
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A 
Oral stage
Anal stage 
Phallic stage 
Latency stage 
Genital stage
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12
Q

Describe the oral stage

A

From birth - 1 year : pleasure from the mouth (e.g. breastfeeding) so we therefore desire comfort and warmth from this area

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13
Q

Describe the anal stage

A

18 months - 3 years : pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination n (e.g. potty training)

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14
Q

Describe the phallic stage

A

3 - 5 years : Pleasure is fixated around the genitals (oedipus/Electra complex)

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15
Q

Describe the latency stage

A

5 - 12 years : Plateau of development, lots of sexual suppression

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16
Q

Describe the genital stage

A

12 - 18 years: Maturation of sexual interests/experimentation

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17
Q

Freud suggested that those who do not becoming fixated in a certain stage will show what?

A

They will later show such behaviour in their adult personality

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18
Q

How did Freud explain our irrational behaviour?

A

He believed that our unconscious thoughts were stronger than our conscious thoughts which is what makes us irrational at times

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19
Q

What are the 3 areas of the mind?

A

Conscious, preconscious and unconscious

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20
Q

Describe the features of the conscious mind

A

Material that we are actively away of at any given time (e.g. thoughts/feelings/ideas)

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21
Q

Describe the features of the preconscious mind

A

Not active thoughts but thoughts that are stored and can be recalled at any time

22
Q

Describe the features of the unconscious mind

A

Memories, urges, fantasies we are unaware of due to their ‘unacceptable’ nature (e.g. sexual or aggressive urges)

23
Q

Freud said that we repress what?

A

Unacceptable urges

24
Q

What is repression?

A

The process of keeping material unconscious

25
Q

Under what circumstances did Freud believe that we could access repressed material?

A

At times of weakened repression (e.g. under the influence of alcohol/drugs)
Mental illness could also be where repressed material begins to resurface

26
Q

Dreams have been described as the ‘royal road to ___’

A

The unconscious

27
Q

How to dreams function to preserve sleep?

A

By representing wishes as fulfilled

28
Q

What are the 2 elements of a dream?

A

Manifest: How you might recall your dream
Latent: The real meanings of dreams from the unconscious

29
Q

How did REM sleep research discredit Freud’s dream theories?

A

Because REM sleep was correlated with dreaming

REM is autonomous and has association with parts of our brains linked to desires and motivations

30
Q

How did Solms (1997) support Freud’s dream theories?

A

Solms showed activation of instinctual and emotional mechanisms in the brain are involved in dreaming

31
Q

How did Panksepp (1999) support Freud’s dream theories?

A

Showed that the area of the brain that initiates goal-seeking behaviour involved in dreaming

32
Q

Describe free association

A

The act of relaying thoughts as they come to your without self-censorship

33
Q

What did Freud believe about free association?

A

That this method could help us tap into the unconscious mind as it can help us decode the meaning behind things

34
Q

How did McGinnies (1949) support the theory of the unconscious?

A

P’s reported to recognise neutral words faster than taboo words
However, skin conductance showed that P’s had unconsciously recognised words at the same time

35
Q

How did Bargh et al (2001) support the theory of the unconscious?

A

P’s were primed with words related to cooperation subsequently behaved more cooperatively with another P in a task

36
Q

What is subliminal priming?

A

Stimuli that cannot be perceived by the conscious mind, but can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviours

37
Q

Freud suggested that throughout the development of personality, people acquire defensive mechanisms, what is the purpose of defensive mechanisms?

A

They push disturbing, upsetting or socially unacceptable content in the unconscious and keep them there (to protect ourselves)

38
Q

What did Fenichel (1945) suggest about defensive mechanisms?

A

That they are to protect our self-esteem and how we define ourselves

39
Q

Who found evidence for defensive mechanisms?

A

Baumeister et al (1998)

40
Q

Describe the process of reaction formation (defensive mechanisms)

A

Converting socially unacceptable impulses into the opposite (e.g. by calling someone prejudiced they will then behave in non-prejudiced ways)

41
Q

Describe the process of projection (defensive mechanisms)

A

Perceiving others of having traits than one inaccurately believes oneself not to have

42
Q

What is ironic suppression?

A

When we try to suppress thoughts it is successful at first but when it fades, the thoughts come back twice as fast

43
Q

Describe the process of undoing (defensive mechanisms)

A

Desire to alter the past to make something not happen (we think about how could’ve done something differently)

44
Q

Describe the process of isolation (defensive mechanisms) and give an example

A

Creating a mental barrier between a threatening cognition and other thoughts/feelings (e.g. criminals describe their crime as a closed, isolated incident that had no lasting impact)

45
Q

Describe the process of sublimation (defensive mechanisms)

A

Channelling an unacceptable desire into something more socially acceptable (e.g. into sports)

46
Q

Describe the process of denial (defensive mechanisms)

A

Refusal to accept certain facts that may be damaging to ones sense of self (e.g. smoker may refuse to admit that it is damaging to their health)

47
Q

What is perceptual denial?

A

Denying that something exists (e.g. people deny things because of their views or political stance - climate change)

48
Q

Describe Neo-Freudians development of Freud’s work

A

Disagreed with Freud’s highly sexualised view, but emphasised the importance of social environment/culture (humans innate need to belong)

49
Q

Describe Eric Fromm’s development of Freud’s work

A

Introduced psychosocial stages of development (to try to understand people’s sense of self)

50
Q

Describe Alfred Adler’s development of Freud’s work

A

We have a drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

51
Q

Describe Carl Jung’s development of Freud’s work

A

Personality types and thoughts of how the future can impact our behaviour

52
Q

Describe Karen Horney’s development of Freud’s work

A

Women do not have penis envy, but jealousy is culturally based (e.g. male freedom, power and dominance)

PS1030 - Self and Society (8 decks)

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