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Principles Embryology > 2: Fertilisation to trilaminar embryology > Flashcards

2: Fertilisation to trilaminar embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A thick membrane surrounding the oocyte before implantation of sperm

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2
Q

Where is the ampulla?

A

Uterine tube

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3
Q

What is the site of fertilisation?

A

Ampulla

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4
Q

In the first part of fertilisation, a sperm cell binds to the ___ ___ of an egg cell.

A

zona pellucida

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5
Q

The sperm cell breaks down the zona pellucida using ___.

A

enzymes

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6
Q

Which granules prevent polyspermy following fertilisation of an egg cell?

A

Cortical granules

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7
Q

Cortical granules cause a change in the structure of the ___ ___ which prevents entry by more than one sperm cell.

A

zona pellucida

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8
Q

What daughter cells are formed by a dividing zygote during cleavage?

A

Blastomeres

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9
Q

Up to the 8 cell stage, blastomeres are thought to be totipotent.

What does this mean?

A

They can go on to differentiate into any other type of cell

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10
Q

What confines cells during the beginning of embryological development?

A

Zona pellucida

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11
Q

Blastomeres

Morula

Zygote

Blastocyst

Arrange in chronological order.

A

Zygote

Blastomeres

Morula

Blastocyst

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12
Q

After the first week, the blastocyst ___ from the zona pellucida.

A

hatches

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13
Q

Once the embryo has hatched from the zona pellucida, what can it interact with?

A

Endometrial lining of the uterus

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14
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Placental part of the embryo

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15
Q

By which process does the embryo attach to the uterine wall?

A

Implantation

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16
Q

What part of the embryo drives implantation?

A

Trophoblast

17
Q

What is cytotrophoblast?

A

Trophoblast made up of individual cells

18
Q

What is syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Trophoblast made up of one single, multinucleated cell

19
Q

During implantation, the embryo organises into two layers - what are they called?

A

Epiblast

Hypoblast

20
Q

At the point of implantation, the embryo is a (bilaminar / trilaminar) disc.

A

bilaminar

21
Q

When the embryo is a bilaminar disc, what cavity is found within the epiblast?

A

Amniotic cavity

22
Q

When the embryo is a bilaminar disc, what is found within the hypoblast layer?

A

Yolk sac

23
Q

At Day 14-15, the ___ has made contact with the maternal blood supply.

A

syncytiotrophoblast

24
Q

What happens to the number of germ layers during gastrulation?

A

Two germ layers become three

25
Q

What appears at the caudal aspect of the embryo at the end of Week 2?

A

Primitive streak

26
Q

The primitive streak appears at the (cranial / caudal) end of the embryo.

A

caudal

27
Q

What happens at the primitive streak during gastrulation?

A

Cell migration

28
Q

The primitive streak appears in the (epiblast / hypoblast) of the embryo.

A

epiblast

29
Q

During gastrulation, the number and names of the germ layers change.

Describe the change.

A

Before gastulation:
Epiblast

Hypoblast

After gastrulation:

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Endoderm

30
Q

In gastrulation, what replaces the epiblast?

A

Ectoderm

31
Q

In gastrulation, what replaces the hypoblast?

A

Endoderm

32
Q

In gastrulation, what germ layer appears between the new ectoderm and endoderm?

A

Mesoderm

33
Q

What structures does the ectoderm go on to become?

A

Epidermis (skin, hair, nails, glands)

Nervous system

34
Q

What structures does the paraxial mesoderm go on to become?

A

Axial skeleton

Skeletal muscle

35
Q

What structures does the intermediate mesoderm go on to become?

A

Urogenital system

36
Q

What structures does the lateral visceral mesoderm go on to become?

A

Cardiovascular system

Organ coverings

Smooth muscle

37
Q

What structures does the lateral somatic mesoderm go on to become?

A

Lining of body wall

Dermis

Limbs

Principles Embryology (3 decks)

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