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PSY219 > 2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience > Flashcards

2: Evolution, Genetics, and Experience Flashcards

1
Q

Zeitgeist…

A

The general intellectual climate of our culture.

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2
Q

Cartesian dualism…

A

Argues that the human brain and human mind are separate entities.

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3
Q

European ethology…

A

Focused on studying instinctive behaviours.

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4
Q

2 main arguments against mind-brain dichotomy..

A
  • Brain damage has been found to induce extremely complex psychological changes.
  • Many psychological abilities thought to be exclusively human have been found in other nonhuman and primate species.
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5
Q

Asomatognosia

A

Lack of self-awareness (or proprioception). A result of damage to the right parietal lobe.

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6
Q

When do neurons become active?

A

Long before they are fully developed.

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7
Q

Whether developing neurons survive or how many connections they make depends on…

A

It being triggered by external experience.

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8
Q

Model of the biology of behaviour - 3 assumptions…

A

All behaviour is the product of:

  • Genetic endowment
  • Its development and experience
  • Perception of the current situation
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9
Q

Species…

A

A group of organisms reproductively isolated from other groups of organisms.

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10
Q

Chordates.

A

Animals with dorsal nerve cords. Appeared around 350 million years ago.

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11
Q

Complex multicellular water-dwelling organisms first appeared around…

A

600 million years ago.

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12
Q

Vertebrates first appeared around…

A

325 million years ago. Evolved from chordates.

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13
Q

The first amphibians evolved around…

A

400 million years ago. Evolved from water-vertebrates.

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14
Q

The first reptiles evolved around…

A

300 million years ago. Evolved from amphibians.

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15
Q

Reptiles were the first vertebrates to…

A

Lay shell-covered eggs and be covered by dry scales.

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16
Q

The first mammals appeared around…

A

180 million years ago. Evolved from a line of reptiles.

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17
Q

What do apes evolve from?

A

(gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees) evolve from Old-World monkeys.

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18
Q

Australopithecines…

A

A strand of the hominins (human) family. Evolved around 6 million years ago.

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19
Q

The first homo species evolved…

A

Around 2 million years ago from a species of australopithecus.

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20
Q

Homo sapiens first appeared around…

A

200,000 years ago.

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21
Q

Approximately when did the great divergence begin?

A

50,000 years ago.

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22
Q

First recorded human accomplishments/cultural activity…

A

40,000 years ago.

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23
Q

Spandrels…

A

Incidental non-adaptive evolutionary by-products.

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24
Q

Exaptations…

A

Characteristics that evolved to perform one function, but then later co-opt to perform another.

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25
Q

Homologous…

A

Characteristics with similar evolutionary origin.

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26
Q

Analogous…

A

Characteristics with dissimilar evolutionary origins.

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27
Q

Similarities between analogous structures result from…

A

Convergent evolution.

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28
Q

Adult human brains vary in size and weight, between…

A

1000-2000 grams.

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29
Q

The brain stem is involved in…

A

Regulation of basic reflex activities, e.g. heart rate.

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30
Q

The cerebrum is involved in…

A

Complex adaptive processes, e.g. learning.

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31
Q

3 important points about the evolution of the human brain…

A
  • It has increased in size.
  • The majority of the increase has occurred in the cerebrum.
  • Increase in number of convolutions.
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32
Q

The most prevalent type of mating bond in mammals…

A

Polygyny.

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33
Q

Polygyny evolves when…

A

The investment made by females for reproduction is far greater than males. Vice versa for polyandry.

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34
Q

About 4% of mammalian species are…

A

Primarily monogamous.

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35
Q

Dichotomous traits…

A

Traits that occur in one form or the other, but never in combination.

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36
Q

True-breeding lines…

A

Lines in which the same trait is always passed down via interbred mating. Cough Royal Family cough.

37
Q

Dominant trait…

A

Appears in all of first-generation offspring.

38
Q

Recessive trait…

A

Appears in 1/4 of second-generation offspring.

39
Q

Phenotype…

A

Observable traits.

40
Q

Genotype…

A

Genetic material.

41
Q

Alleles…

A

The two genes that control the same trait.

42
Q

Homozygous…

A

Organism that possesses two identical genes for a trait.

43
Q

Heterozygous…

A

Organism that possesses two different genes for a trait.

44
Q

Mendel proposed that one of the two kinds of genes for each dichotomous trait…

A

Dominates the other in heterozygous organisms.

45
Q

For each dichotomous trait…

A

Each organism randomly inherits one of its ‘father’s’ 2 factors and one of its ‘mother’s’ two factors.

46
Q

Chromosomes…

A

Threadlike structures in the nucleus of every cell on which genes are located.

47
Q

Meiosis…

A

The process of cell division that produces gametes. Chromosomes divide, and one chromosome of each pair goes to each of the two gametes that results from the cell division. As a result, each gamete has only half the usual number of chromosomes.

48
Q

Zygote…

A

A fertilised egg cell.

49
Q

Mitosis…

A

The process of cell division for all other body cells.
Instead, the number of chromosomes doubles so that, when the cell divides, both daughter cells end up with the full complement of chromosomes.

50
Q

DNA…

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Each chromosome is a double-stranded molecule of DNA.

51
Q

The two strands of DNA are bound by…

A

Attraction of adenine for thymine, and guanine for cytosine. Each strand has a unique bonding pattern, a.k.a DNA sequencing.

52
Q

Mitosis cell division would not be possible without…

A

Replication.

53
Q

Mutation…

A

An error in DNA replication.

54
Q

Enhancers…

A

Stretches of DNA whose function is to determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what rate. They control gene expression.

55
Q

Gene expression…

A

Determines the development and function of a cell once it has matured.

56
Q

Transcription factors…

A

Proteins that bind to DNA to mediate gene expression. These are influenced by environmental factors surrounding its cell.

57
Q

Autosomal chromosomes…

A

Typical chromosomes that always come in matched pairs. Sex chromosomes, however, are not typical.

58
Q

Dominant sex-linked traits occur more frequently in…

A

Females.

59
Q

Recessive sex-linked traits occur more frequently in…

A

Males.

60
Q

The strand of transcribed RNA is called…

A

Messenger RNA because it carries the genetic code out of the nucleus of the cell.

61
Q

The process of gene expression involves two phases…

A
  • The transcription of DNA onto RNA.

- Translation of RNA into amino acid sequences.

62
Q

Mitochondria…

A

Energy-generating structures located in the cytoplasm of every cell, including neurons. Human mitochondrial genes can only be inherited from the mother.

63
Q

Mutations specifically tend to develop in…

A

Mitochondrial genes.

64
Q

The purpose of the human genome project…

A

To accumulate a map of the chromosome sequence of humans.

65
Q

The rough number of genes humans have…

A

20,000.

66
Q

Protein-encoding (structural) genes only make-up for what percentage of human DNA?

A

2%

67
Q

Epigenetics…

A

Studies the influences of gene expression without changing the genes themselves. Studies how the interaction of a few epigentic processes can account for generating the vast and complex range of human DNA.

68
Q

Active nongene DNA…

A

Has a role in infleunce of structural gene expression.

69
Q

MicroRNAs…

A

Influence actions of enhancers and RNA messengers. Disruption is associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

70
Q

Alternative splicing…

A

When some strands of the DNA sequences are split into more strands. Means that a single gene can encode more than one protein.

71
Q

Monoallelic expression…

A

An exception to autosomal genes, whereby only one of the two alleles is inactivated, and the other is expressed.

72
Q

Ontogeny…

A

The development of an individual over the span of their lifetime.

73
Q

Phylogeny…

A

Development of species through ages of evolution.

74
Q

Maze-bright rats were superior maze-learners, not because of their intelligence, but because of there…

A

Fearlessness! Interesting!

75
Q

In 1934, Norwegian doctor Asbjörn Fölling discovered phenylketonuria (PKU) by…

A

Noticing a peculiar odour in his mentally handicapped children’s urine. LOL.

76
Q

PKU develops when the gene is…

A

Recessive, and only develops in homozygous individuals.

77
Q

Mental retardation in PKU is caused by…

A

High levels of phenylalanine.

78
Q

Sensitive period…

A

The period, usually early in life, during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of a trait.

79
Q

Sensory phase…

A

Refers to early phase in bird’s life where they learn to comprehend birdsong based on the male relatives’ birdsong. Oral tradition. Similar development to human language.

80
Q

Sensorimotor phase…

A

Refers to secondary phase in bird’s life whereby they start to produce clips of birdsong, called ‘subsongs’.

81
Q

Plastic song period…

A

Period during which birds can add new songs for the next mating season.

82
Q

The neural circuit that controls birdsong has two major components…

A
  • Descending motor pathway

- Anterior forebrain pathway

83
Q

Findings from the song-control structures in canaries’ brains form one of the first examples of…

A

Neurogenesis.

84
Q

Heritability estimates…

A

Tell us about the contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the subjects in a study.

85
Q

Multiplier effect…

A

When a gene encourages its organism to seek environments to further develop the behaviour it endows.

Go forth and prosper!

86
Q

All human behavioral traits are highly heritable; values of heritability estimates typically range from…

A

.40 to .70.

87
Q

Being raised in different family environments contributes…

A

Little to the diversity of behavioral traits.

88
Q

Experiences other than the family environment contribute…

A

Significantly to behavioral diversity.

PSY219 (11 decks)

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