Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY219 > 18: Affective Disorders > Flashcards

18: Affective Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia means…

A

The splitting of psychic functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Schizophrenia affects…

A

1% of all individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Excessive or warped normal functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Reduced or absent normal functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Positive symptoms include (4)…

A

Delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, incoherent speech/thought, odd behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Negative symptoms include (4)…

A

Affective flattening, inability to process language and speech, loss of willpower or motivation, anhedonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Minimum for diagnosis of schizophrenia…

A

Recurrence of any two symptoms for 1 month, or a very bizarre occurence of one symptom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Probability of schizophrenia occuring in close relative…

A

10% regardless of upbringing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

First antischizophrenic drug

A

Chlorpromazine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Reserpine is no longer used because…

A

It produces a dangerous decline in blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dopamine theory of schizophrenia

A

Excess of dopaminergic transmission. In particular, high levels of activity at D2 receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Reserpine treats schizophrenia by…

A

Breaking down synaptic vesicles which store dopamine and other monoamines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amphetamines and coke trigger schizophrenic episodes by…

A

Increasing extracellular levels of dopomine and other monoamines in brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chlorpromazine intervenes with dopaminergic transmission by…

A

Binding to dopamine receptors and blocking dopamine from activating them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reserpine intervenes with dopaminergic transmission by…

A

Depleting the brain of dopamine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lack of activity at postsynaptic dopamine receptors led to…

A

Feedback being sent demanding for presynaptic cells to increase dopamine transmission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Haloperidol

A

Has a low affinity for dopamine receptors because it selectively binds to D2 class of receptors, but not D1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Receptor subtypes (dopamine)

A

Dopamine binds to up to 5 receptor subtypes, explaining unequal affinities for different antischizophrenic drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The phenothiazines

A

A chemical class of receptor subtypes that chlorpromazine belongs to (D1 & D2).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The butyrophenones

A

A chemical class of receptor subtypes that haliperidol belongs to (D2 but not D1).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Other neurotransmitters linked to schizophrenia (2)…

A

Glutamate and serotonin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What effects do LSD and PCP produce?

A

Produce hallucinogenic effects akin to serotonergic and glutaminergic transmission.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clozapine

A

A type of atypical neuroleptic with an affinity for D1, D4, and serotonin receptors - but only a small one for D2. Contra!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Schizophrenic brain damage occurs in…

A

Both grey and white matter, and particularly within the temporal lobes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dopamine theory cannot account for schizophrenic brain damage because…

A

Little evidence of specific structural damage to dopaminergic circuits, and cannot account for the typically diffuse patterns of brain damage.

26
Q

Neuroleptics are more effective at treating…

A

Positive rather than negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

27
Q

Side effects of typical neuroleptics…

A

Motor disturbances.

28
Q

Side effects of atypical neuroleptics…

A

Diabetes, weight gain, difficulties with fat regulation. To do with influence on histamine?

29
Q

Anhedonia

A

Loss of ability to experience pleasure.

30
Q

Affective disorder refers to…

A

Any psychiatric disorder characterised by disturbances of mood/emotion. A.K.A mood disorders.

31
Q

Women are twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with…

A

Unipolar depression.

32
Q

In adults, affective disorders are associated with…

A

Heart disease. In women, bone loss.

33
Q

Concordance rates for affective disorders…

A

MZ: 60%, DZ: 15%.

34
Q

Stress on depression…

A

Little evidence that it increases onset chances; rather, it triggers those already suffering, and is more likely to induce PTSD.

35
Q

Four major drug classes for treating affective disorders (MTSM)…

A

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Tricyclic Antidepressants, Selective Monoamine-Reuptake Inhibitors, Mood Disorders.

36
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors…

A

Such as iproniazid. Increases monoamine activity levels via inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme involved in degradation of monoamine transmitters.

37
Q

MAO inhibitor side effects…

A

‘Cheese effect’ - contains tyramine, a powerful blood pressure elevator. This is usually metabolised by MAO.

38
Q

Tricyclic Antidepressants…

A

Named due to three-ring chemical atomic structure. Block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, and are safer than MAO inhibitors. Imipramine is an example drug.

39
Q

Selective Monoamine-Reuptake Inhibitors…

A

SSRIs, such as Prozac. Equally effective as imipramine, but has fewer side effects and more widespread application.

40
Q

Mood Stabilisers…

A

E.g. lithium. Unlike antidepressants, don’t treat by inducing mania symptoms in depressed patients.

41
Q

A meta-analysis by Kirsch et al (2008) found…

A

That placebos were 82% as effective as actual antidepressants.

42
Q

Best for treating mania (2) and depression (2)…

A

Lithium and carbamazepine for the former, mania and lamotrigine for the latter.

43
Q

Two brain structures found abnormal in affective disorder patients…

A

Amydala and anterior cingulate cortex. Loss of tissue.

44
Q

Monoamine Theory of Depression…

A

Depression associated with underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. Deficit in monoamine release which leads to up-regulation.

45
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model of Depression

A

Exposure to stress in gene-susceptible individuals early in life induces a permanent oversensitisation to stressors in later life.

46
Q

Brain stimulation to treat depression…

A

Electrically stimulate white matter of anterior cingulate gyrus.

47
Q

Sleep deprivation on depression…

A

More than 50% of patients display dramatic improvements after one night of sleep deprivation.

48
Q

Anxiety

A

Chronic fear that persists even when direct threat is not present.

49
Q

Two classes of drugs effective for treating anxiety disorders…

A

Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists.

50
Q

3 forms of benzodiazepine prescription…

A

Hypnotics, anticonvulsants (a.k.a anti-epileptics), and muscle relaxants.

51
Q

6 side effects of benzodiazepines…

A

Sedation, ataxia, tremor, nausea, addiction, and withdrawl leading to rebound.

52
Q

Molecular workings of benzodiazepies…

A

GABAa agonists. By binding to GABAa receptors which increases the binding of GABA molecules to the receptor.

53
Q

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium) are…

A

Benzodiazepines.

54
Q

Molecular workings of serotonin agonists…

A

Selective agonist effects at one subtype of serotonin receptor, 5-HT(1A) - they are SSRIs.

55
Q

Side effects of serotonin agonists…

A

Manages to produce anxiolytic effects without side effects of benzodiazepines.

56
Q

Neural theories for anxiety disorders…

A

Focus on the amygdala due to its role in fear and defensive behaviour. Also has a concentration of GABAa receptors.

57
Q

Concordance rates for Tourette’s Syndrome…

A

MZ: 55% DZ: 8%

58
Q

Abnormailities in the brain of Tourette’s patients…

A

Almost always observed in the basal ganglia, and secondarily in the limbic and association cortices.

59
Q

Tics are treated using…

A

Neuroleptics. These are D2 blockers.

60
Q

Current hypothesis for Tourette’s Syndrome…

A

It is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving an excess of dopaminergic projections between striatum and associated limbic cortex.

61
Q

Brown (1993) found that ??% of patients with severe stress experience had sought treatment, compared to ??% of control patients.

A

84, 32.

62
Q

The drug imipramine is a…

A

Tricyclic antidepressant.

PSY219 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions